lung cancer

Question 1

which is the most common type of lung cancer?

Answer 1

squamous cell

Question 2

how are lung cancers staged?

Answer 2

small cell = limited or extensive
NSC = TMN

Question 3

name 3 causes of an exudative pleural effusion

Answer 3

malignancy
infection
inflammation

Question 4

which lung cancer had a paraneoplastic association with HPOA?

Answer 4

Adenocarcinoma

Question 5

Small cell lung cancer has which paraneoplastic associations

Answer 5

SIADH, ACTH, LEMS

Question 6

NSCLC incorporates which cancer subtypes

Answer 6

adenocarcinoma (small airways)

Lg cell (neuroendocrine cells)

Squamous cell (cells of large airways)

Question 7

sclc is staged limited or extensive.. what does each of these terms mean?

Answer 7

limited: 1x lung, local lymph, 1x malignnat pleural effusion

extensive: both lungs, extrathoracic spread

Question 8

what is the criteria for surgery for nsclc?

Answer 8

FEV1 <1.8 pneumonectomy
FEV1 <0.2 lobectomy

tumour <2cm from carina

malignant pl, effusion
nerve involvement
distant spread

Question 9

name 3 causes of an transudative pleural effusion

Answer 9

heart failure
hepatic failure/cirrhosis
nephrotic syndrome
hypothyroidism

Question 10

what is the protein / LDH ratio of the pleural effusions?

Answer 10

transudative: Low protein + LDH

exudative: high protein + LDH

Question 11

what causes a purulent effusion?

Answer 11

empyema

Question 12

what causes a putrid purulent effusion?

Answer 12

anaerobic empyema

Question 13

what causes a milky fluid pleural effusion?

Answer 13

cylothorax: lymphatic obstruction
(malignancy or chronic inflammation)

Question 14

outline lights criteria

Answer 14

ratio of fluid to blood:

protein >0.5
LDH> 0.6

+ve = exudate

Question 15

where do lung cancers metastasize to?

Answer 15

brain
bone
adrenals
liver