Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cancer > Lung Cancer > Flashcards

Lung Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the risk factors for lung cancer?

A 
Cigarette smoking 
Passive smoking 
Asbestos 
Radon gas 
Diesel fumes 
Genetics 
Lung disease
Previous malignancies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the signs of lung cancer?

A 
Reduced breath sounds over a lobe
Inspiratory crackles over a lobe 
Unilateral wheeze 
Clubbing 
Cachexia 
Anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the complications of lung cancer?

A 
Never compression 
Superior vena cava obstruction 
Pleural effusions 
Dysphagia 
Bone pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the symptoms of lung cancer?

A 
Respiratory:
Cough
Dyspnoea 
Chest pain 
Haemoptysis 
Wheezing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How can you investigate lung cancer?

A

CXR
CT scan
PET-CT scan
Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two main types of lung cancer?

A

Non small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 main subtypes of NSCLC

A

Squamous cell lung cancer
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cytogenetic mutations can occur in adenocarcinomas?

A

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)

KRAS
ROS1
BRAF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens if no mutations are identified?

A

Look at the expression of PD-1

High levels means immunotherapy is more appropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What to do if someone with lung cancer smokes?

A

Inform pts that smoking increases the risk of pulmonary complications after lung cancer surgery

Offer NRTs

Do not postpone surgery for lung cancer to allow pt to stop smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the treatment options?

A

Depends on staging of disease and pts performance status

Surgery
Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery
Radical radiotherapy 
Radical chemoradiotherapy 
Palliative chemo 
Symptomatic support and radiotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is not a candidate for lung cancer surgery?

A

Those with metastatic cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who is adjuvant chemotherapy for?

A

Recommended for stage 2 and 3 pts with surgically resectable disease
Given within 8 weeks after surgery
Good performance status required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of adjuvant chemotherapy is used?

A

Platinum based chemo

Cisplatin, Carboplatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the pros and cons of cisplatin compared to carboplatin

A

(+) Increased overall survival
(-) More nausea and vomiting

(-) more thrombocytopenia and neurotoxicity with carboplatin

No difference in neutropenia, alopecia or renal toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the purpose of palliative chemotherapy?

A

Symptomatic benefit

Prolonged survival in patients stage 3b and 4

Type of treatment based on type of malignancy/presence of mutations

17
Q

What is the treatment for non squamous cancer?

A

If EGFR mutation is present: EGFR TKI targeted therapy

ALK positive - targeted therapy

No mutations but PD1 expression - 1st line is platinum based combination chemotherapy

18
Q

What is the treatment for non squamous cancer where EGFR mutations are present?

A 
EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors 
1st line = Osimertinib 
others:
Erlotinib
Gefintinib 
Dacomitinib 
Afatinib
19
Q

What are the side effects of EGFR inhibitors?

A 
Acne like skin rash
Diarrhoea 
Mucositis
Nausea and loss of appetite
Fatigue
Eye problems
Alopecia 
Respiratory effects
20
Q

Who are EGFR mutations more common in?

A

Adenocarcinomas
Non smokers
Females
Asian

21
Q

Who are ALK mutations more common in?

A

Light/non smokers
younger age
adenocarcinomas

22
Q

Give examples of ALK inihbitors

A

Crizotinib
Ceritinib
Alectinib

23
Q

Give examples of PD1 Pathway inhibitors

A

Nivolumab
Pembrolizumab
monoclonal antibodies directed at PD1 prevent PD1 from binding to PD-L1/2

24
Q

What is the limited stage of small cell lung cancer?

A

Limited to one lung

25
Q

What is the extensive stage of small cell lung cancer?

A

Cancer spread to other part of the body/other lung

26
Q

What is the treatment for the limited stage of small cell lung cancer?

A

Combination chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy

27
Q

What is the treatment for the extensive stage of small cell lung cancer?

A

chemotherapy
radiotherapy
PCI = Prophylactic cranial irradiation

28
Q

What is the 1st line combination chemotherapy for small cell lung cancer?

A

Carboplatin and etoposide 4-6 cycles

*6 month rule = can re-treat w same regimen if responsive otherwise find alternative

29
Q

How do you work out the dose of Carboplatin?

A 
Dose = AUC x (GFR + 25)
AUC = area under the curve
30
Q

TNM staging for lung cancer

A 
T1 = Smaller than 3cm
T2 = 3-5cm
T3 = 5-7cm 
T4 = Bigger than 7cm 
N1 = intrapulmonary nodes/nodes surrounding tumour
N2 = nodes in bronchia 
N3 = nodes on opposite lung 
M0 = none 
M1A = tumour in other lung 
M1B = single outer lung tumour (one other organ)
M1C = multiple outer lung tumour (more than 1 organ)

Cancer (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions