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RADT220 Head & Neck > LUNG ANATOMY > Flashcards

LUNG ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the superior thoracic aperture located?

A

Posteriorly to T1 and laterally to 1st pair of ribs, anteriorly to superior border of manubrium

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2
Q

Where is the inferior thoracic aperture located?

A

Posteriorly to T12, posterio-laterally to 11th/12th pair of ribs, anterior-laterally to continuous costal cartilages of ribs 7-10, anteriorly xiphisternal joint, inferiorly to the diaphragm

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3
Q

Movements of rib cage

A

During forced respiration, the rib cage will elevate and widen to increase the inspiration volume
External intercostal muscles are most active during inspiration
Internal intercostal muscles are active during expiration

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4
Q

What does the sternum consist of?

A

Manubrium, body and xiphoid process

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5
Q

Which ribs are attached to the sternum?

A

1-7

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6
Q

What blood supply to the alveoli is from the pulmonary veins and arteries?

A

From the heart:
Deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle enters the pulmonary artery
Oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein flows into the left ventricle.

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7
Q

How does venous drainage of thoracic wall occur?

A

This occurs mostly through the azygos veins
They are posterior of the IVC

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8
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 (upper, middle, lower)

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9
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 (upper, lower)

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10
Q

What are the lobes separated by?

A

Oblique fissures (also horizontal fissure on the right)

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11
Q

Where is the trachea located?

A

Superior of the thorax, inferior of the larynx

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12
Q

Where does the trachea bifurate?

A

Carina

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13
Q

What does the trachea separate into?

A

Left and right main bronchus and enter the lung at the hilum
Each main bronchus separates into lobular bronchi
Each lobular bronchi separate into segmental bronchi

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14
Q

What is the trachea and bronchi composed of?

A

16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage
Incomplete posteriorly as in contact with oesophagus so accommodates swallowing
Cartilaginous rings prevent the trachea from collapsing

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15
Q

What is the trachea and bronchi lined with?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium and goblet cells

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16
Q

What are the lungs lined by?

A

Visceral pleura and the parietal pleura

17
Q

What is inside the pleural cavity?

A

Serous pleural fluid - allows 2 layers to slide over eachother during respiration

18
Q

Each bronchiole is formed of what?

A

2-11 alveolar ducts with 5-6 alveolar sacs
Respiratory zone is not ciliated, debris is removed by macrophages

19
Q

What are the alveolar sacs surrounded by?

A

Elastic fibres
Expand during inhalation
Recoil during expiration

20
Q

Type I pneumocyte

A

simple squamous cell – thin to enable gas exchange

21
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A

secretory cell to produce surfactant.

22
Q

Surfactant

A

Decreases surface tension to stop collapse at the end of expiration

23
Q

How much does diaphragm move in quiet respiration vs expertise conditions?

A

1cm and 10cm

24
Q

Pulmonary ventilation-exhalation

A

Diaphragm moves up + intercostal muscles relax:
reduces lung volume,
pressure in the lungs greater than outside.
Air pushed out of lungs to the area of lower pressure.
Accessory muscles during forced expiration

25
Q

What percentage of air intake reaches alveoli and what percentage stays in the airways?

A

70% vs 30%

26
Q

Bronchiodilation is done by?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

Bronchoconstriction is done by?

A

Vagus nerve

28
Q

What happens in an individual with asthma?

A

Bronchiolar smooth muscle contracts and thick secretions narrowing the airway, restricting airflow to alveoli

29
Q

Signs and symptoms of asthma?

A

Severe dyspnoea
Wheezing
Acute respiratory failure, hypoxia and death are possible

30
Q

What is the primary cause of COPD?

A

Smoking

31
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

32
Q

Diagnosis of COPD

A

Clinical examination
Barrel chest
Lung function tests

33
Q

Treatment of COPD

A

Psychosocial interventions
Bronchodilators

34
Q

What side does congestive heart failure occur?

A

Left

35
Q

What is Atelectasis?

A

Obstruction of the bronchus.
As the air behind the obstruction is absorbed into the pulmonary blood supply,
the lung behind the obstruction collapses,
Fluid from the pleural space fills the gap.
can be segmental, lobular or affect the entire lung.

36
Q

What is plural effusion?

A

Caused by an excess of pleural fluid which eventually collapses the lung.
Heart failure, infection or even physiological mechanisms triggered by the tumour itself.

RADT220 Head & Neck (4 decks)

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