H&N ANATOMY Flashcards
What is the main arterial supply for the head and neck?
Common carotid artery
What does the common carotid artery split into?
Internal and external carotid arteries
What does the internal carotid artery supply?
Brain
What does the external carotid artery supply?
Neck and face
What is the main drainage vein?
Internal jugular vein
What does the internal jugular vein eventually join the subclavian vein to make?
Brachiocephalic vein
Do the 2 jugular veins meet like the 2 carotid arteries?
No - join subclavian at separate points
Facial muscles are supplied by
Facial artery
Scalp supplied by
Temporal and occipital arteries
Maxillary artery supplies
- Muscles of mastication
- Deep structures of the ear
- Nasal cavity, sinuses, and palate
- Teeth
- Muscles of the eye
- Parts of the pharynx
Facial drainage
Facial vein
Lymph nodes drain to
Deep cervical nodes - into right and left subclavian trunks
What nerves are in the head and neck?
Spinal and cranial nerves
What are the 3 sensory cranial nerves?
The trigeminal nerve
The glossopharyngeal nerve
The vagus nerve
The Trigeminal Nerve innervates
Face
Palate
Eye
Oral cavity
Tongue (Anterior 2/3)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve innervates
Posterior 2/3 tongue
Oropharynx
Vagus nerve innervates
The larynx
What are the 4 motor nerves?
Facial
Trigemial
Hypoglossal
Vagus
Sympathetic stimulation is via?
Superior cervical ganglion
Sympathetic nervous system regulates?
Flight or fight response
What is parasympathetic stimulation supplied by?
Cranial nerves
Particularly in nasopharyngeal cancer, direct spread of disease can often result in compression or invasion into the nerves causing what?
Palsy e.g. Bells Palsy
What is Bell’s palsy?
Damage to the facial nerve
Droop on affected side
Weaken lips affect speech
Loss of lacrimal gland secretions
Cornea can be prone to ulceration
Can also affect taste sensation and some saliva production
What are the paranasal sinus lined by?
Respiratory mucosa, ciliated and secreting
What are the 4 groups of paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary
What is the hard palate?
Bony part of the palate cover above and below of the mucosa
Palatine vessels and veins descend
What is the soft palate?
Consists of 5 muscles: 2 attached to base of skull, 2 to the tongue, and one attaches to the uvula
Innervated by cranial nerve X (vagus nerve)
Can close the air passage to the nasal cavity and the inf border of the nasopharynx
What are the 3 main salivary glands?
Parotid - largest and innovated by glossopharyngeal nerve
Sublingual - smallest
Submandibular
What are the 3 subsections of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharyx
Boundaries of the pharynx?
Superiorly: Cranial base
Inferiorly: cricoid cartilage and inferior border of C6 (continuous with the oesophagus)
Posterior: flat wall that lies against the pre-vertebral layer of the deep cervical fascia
Where is the nasopharynx located?
The posterior extension of the nasal cavity, its function is respiratory
Where does the palatine tonsil sit?
Commonly called adenoids when enlarged sit on the posterior wall between palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
What is the function of the oropharynx?
Digestive
Where is the lingual tonsil located?
Posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Function of hypopharynx?
Allows communication between the pharynx and larynx and oesophagus
Larynx location
Posterior and inferior of the tongue, posterior and superior of the thyroid
What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis
What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?
arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform
What are the 2 important ligaments of the larynx?
Vocal and ventricular
What is the larynx supplied by blood?
The superior and inferior laryngeal veins that originate from the external carotid
The laryngeal veins drain into the internal jugular veins
What is the larynx innervated by?
The superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves, branches of the vagus nerve
