Lung Flashcards
the RT lung has how many lobes?
3 lobes
the LT lung has how many lobes?
2 lobes
why is there a difference in the number of lobes for RT and LT lungs?
the LT lung has less lobes (2) than the RT (3) since the heart is on the left side as well
which lung is wider and shorter than the other?
the RT lung is wider and shorter than the LT
Our lung is lined by two membranes called the _____
pleura
Name the two “pluera” and say which lines the SURAFCE of the lung
and which lines the THOARCIC WALL
SURFACE OF LUNG is lined by “Visceral pleura”
THORACIC WALL is lined by “Parietal pleura”
what is the space between the pleura called?
pleural cavity
The _______ is the bifurcation of the trachea
carina
where does the trachea bifurcate?
at the carina
define “bifurcate”
divide into two; divide into two branches
at what spinal column(s) is the carina roughly located?
T4 and T5
The trachea divides into the 1.______ bronchi, then into the 2.______ bronchi, then to the 3._____ bronchi, THEN to the _____, and lastly to the ______ ducts
- primary bronchi
- secondary bronchi
- tertiary bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveolar
what structure divides into the primary bronchi?
the trachea
what is the function of our “Alveolar ducts”
where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged! (respiration)
The _____ is where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves gain entry into the lungs
hilum
what is the main symptom of lung cacner?
cough
A Pancoast tumor occurs when ______________
the tumor is in the apex of the lung
a patient with a Pancoast tumor can experience pain where (2 specific areas), muscle _____, and ____ syndrome
pain under shoulder and arm
muscle atrophy
Horner syndrome
what is “Horner syndrome”?
an interruption of nerve supply from the brain
define “apex” (anatomically)
tip; top of something; forming point/top
what occurs when the tumor compresses the superior vena cava, which makes it difficult for the patient to breathe?
hint - ‘…syndrome…’
superior vena cava syndrome (SVC)
-which is considered an emergent treatment (ie. oncologic emergency)
what is the main method of regional spread for lung cancer?
Nodal involvement/lymphatic spread
All lymph involved with the lungs drains into the __________ nodes
intrapulmonary
lymph nodes near the Lung include (4)
Bronchopulmonary nodes, hilar nodes, interlobar nodes, and mediastinal nodes
name the 4 superior mediastinal nodes -
*hint - * PT.PRE.RT.AN
SMN = SNL skit
“parakeet preteen is retro az fuck”
Paratracheal
Pretracheal
Retrotracheal
Azygos nodes
name the 3 Inferior Mediastinal Nodes -
*hint - *
SC.PE.PL
Subcarinal
Paraesophageal
Pulmonary ligament nodes
what are the three main Lung cancers?
- Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
- Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
- Mesothelioma
SCLC can also be called “________” and includes anaplastic carcinomas
oat cell
T/F:
SCLC includes anaplastic carcinomas
TRUE
describe “anaplastic”
Anaplastic is a word pathologists use to describe very abnormal-looking cancer cells. While most cancer cells share some features (shape or size) with normal cells, anaplastic cells do not look anything like normal cells.
the following are characteristic of SCLC or NSCLC?
- Very aggressive
- Metastasizes early to brain, therefore PCI (prophylactic cranial irradiation) is often used
- Connected to tobacco use
- Located centrally (which has worse prognosis), near proximal bronchi
- More common in men
Small Cell Lung Cancer
SCLC metastasizes early to where?
brain
what treatment technique is often used for SCLC in regard to it metastasizing early to brain
PCI (Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation)
if the tumor is located centrally… does that carry a better or worse prognosis?
worse
which Lung cancer is typically centrally located, near the bronchi of the lung?
SCLC
SCLC is connected to _________ use
tobacco use
which lung cancer is more common in women?
Which is more common in men?
SCLC is more in men
NSCLC is more in women
which lung cancer is very aggressive and has a high mortality rate?
SCLC
what falls under the umbrella of NSCLC? (3 pathologies)
adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and epidermoid/squamous cell carcinoma
T/F:
Adenocarcinomas ARE connected to tobacco use
FALSE
Adenocarcinomas ARE NOT connected to tobacco use
which lung cancer is located more peripherally (sides) of the lungs?
NSCLC
which cancer of the Lung has a better prognosis?
SCLC or NSCLC
NSCLC
which Lung cancer occurs in the linings of the Lungs? (ie. ‘cancer of the pleura’)
Mesothelioma
which Lung cancer is connected to asbestos exposure?
Mesothelioma
compared to NSCLC and SCLC, is Mesothelioma more common, or less?
LESS
DISTANT spread of Lung cancer occurs through the _________ system
circulatory
Lung cancer can spread to distant sites such as - (8)
liver, brain, bones, bone marrow, adrenal glands, kidneys, cervical lymph nodes, and the contralateral lung
what sit atop EACH kidney (so we have 2)
Adrenal glands
the following are characteristic of SCLC or NSCLC?
- Located more toward the periphery (sides) of the lungs
- More common in women
- Better prognosis than SCLC
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
WORLDWIDE, what cancer is the most common form of cancer?
Lung cancer
in the US, what is the second most common cancer in both men and women?
Lung cancer
what cancer is the leading cause of DEATH in the US among men and women?
Lung cancer
the risk of developing lung cancer, like many other cancers, increases with ____
age
the leading risk factor for lung cancer, other than age, is what?
smoking
Approximately, ___% of lung cancer cases can be attributed to smoking
80
T/F:
Individuals with a history of lung cancer are at a higher risk of developing a second lung cancer
TRUE
is there a difference in risk for people who smoke normal cigarettes vs people who smoke filtered cigarettes (ex. e-cigs)
No - same risk, both bad
Cigar Smoking and Pipe Smoking are risk factors for lung cancer… however these activities are more associated with upper aerodigestive tract OR straight up lung?
more associated with upper aerodigestive tract
______ is the second leading cause of lung cancer and the leading cause among non-smokers
Radon
exposure to ___________ is linked to mesothelioma
asbestos (mold)
what is the leading cause of lung cancer for non-smokers
Radon
–> “Radon, air pollution, and asbestos are additional risk factors for lung cancer… considered environmental or occupational exposures”
define “synergistic effect”
working together
the ______ system transports oxygen from the air into the blood and removes carbon dioxide from the blood
respiratory system
blood supply to the lungs comes from the ____________ and _________ arteries
pulmonary and bronchial arteries
involvement of the lymphatics tends to follow the branches of the _______ tree
bronchial
define “hemoptysis”
blood in the sputum
define “dyspnea”
shortness of breath
what syndrome may be indicated by swelling in the face and arms, distended veins in the upper chest, dyspnea, and orthopnea?
SVC (superior vena cava syndrome)
define “orthopnea”
shortness of breath that occurs when lying flat
what is “paraneoplastic syndrome” ?
this syndrome occurs when hormone-like substances are released into the blood and cause issues in areas away from the site of cancer
define “atelectasis”
complete or partial collapse of a lung
define “pneumonitis”
inflammation of the lung
what happens in surgical procedure - Lobectomy
entire lung lobe is removed
what is the preferred surgical procedure for a patient with an early-stage Lung cancer (like stage 1 or 2)
a Lobectomy
what happens in surgical procedure - Pneumonectomy
An entire lung is removed
what is the most effective chemo agent for treating Lung cancer?
CISPLATIN
what is the standard of care for Lung cancer in a patient who is not a surgical candidate?
concurrent or sequential chemo and radiation with radiation doses of 45-60 Gy using standard fractionation
what aspect of our lungs can have dramatic effect on radiation therapy simulation and treatment planning?
lung motion
what is the simplest method to reduce lung motion?
breath hold
define “odynophagia”
painful swallowing
in treating lung cancer, stereotactic body radiation therapy is reserved for:
A. patients with small tumors
B. Medically inoperable patients with early-stage NSCLC
C. Patients with SVC syndrome
D. Both A and B
D. Both A and B
