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Dermatology > Lumps and Bumps > Flashcards

Lumps and Bumps Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are nodules?

A

Raised solid lesions of more than 1 cm diameter

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2
Q

What do nodules reflect?

A

Cutaneous neoplasia or an inflammatory process or trauma and rarely a depositional disease

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of a nodule of inflammatory basis?

A

Often granulomatous with a diffuse or nodular dermal inflammatory pattern or associated panniculitis

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4
Q

What can cause granulomatous nodular inflammation?

A

Sterile, triggered by a foreign body or occur in response to infection with bateria

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5
Q

How can the cause of granulomatous nodular inflammation be ascertained?

A

Histological or cytological examination with routine or special stains or by macerated tissue culture

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6
Q

What sampling techniques are useful to diagnose granulomatous nodular inflammation?

A

FNA and skin biopsy

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7
Q

What cells can cutaneous neoplasia arise from?

A

Epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, round cells or metastases from other sites

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8
Q

What is the approach to cutaneous neoplasia?

A

Achieving a diagnosis of the tumour type and its histological grade is very important
Prediction of its behaviour requires pre-treatment histology
Anatomical location and extent of the lesion should be established

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9
Q

What other complications should be considered with cutaneous neoplasia?

A

Haematological and metabolic effects

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10
Q

What does the prognosis of cutaneous neoplasia depend on?

A

Type and grade of the lesion, its stage, whether complications exist and the treatments available

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11
Q

What treatment options are most suitable for certain tumours?

A

Surgery for solid tumours
Chemotheraputic options for haemolyphatic neoplasms and for some solid tumours
Radiation treatment if surgical excision isn’t appropriate

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12
Q

What are the most common types of cutaneous neoplasia in dogs?

A

Hepatoid gland adenoma, sebaceous adenoma, trichoepithelioma, basal cell tumour, Meibomian gland adenoma, intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, apocrine gland adenoma

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13
Q

What are the most common types of cutaneous neoplasia in cats?

A

Basal cell tumour, squamous cell carcinoma, aprocine duct adenoma, apocrine gland adenoma, ceruminous gland adenoma, ceruminous gland carcinoma

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14
Q

What cell types do epithelial cells differentiate into?

A

Basal keratinocytes, the squame, cell of the inner and outer root sheaths, the adnecal glands and their ducts

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15
Q

What do pathologists try to establish in the histopathological examination of skin tumours?

A

Whether the cells are trying to make anything as helps to differentiate between the origin of the neoplastic cell line

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16
Q

What treatment do most epithelial tumours respond to?

A

Surgical excision although carcinomas may require other measures

17
Q

What are the tumours of the epidermis?

A

Papilloma
Inverted papilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma

18
Q

What are the different hair follicle tumours?

A 
Infundibular keratinising acanthoma
Tricholemmoma
Trichoblastoma
Trichoepithelioma
Pilomatricoma
19
Q

What are the different sebaceous gland tumours?

A

Sebaceous hyperplasia/adenoma/epithelioma/adenocarcinoma
Hepatoid gland adenoma
Meibomian gland adenoma/epithelioma/adenocarcinoma

20
Q

What are the different sweat gland tumours?

A

Apocrine gland adenoma/ductal adenoma/adenocarcinoma
Eccrine adenoma/adenocarcinoma
Ceruminous gland adenoma/adenocarcinoma
Anal sac adenoma/adenocarcinoma

21
Q

What are the epithelial tumours without squamous or adnexal differentiation?

A

Basal cell tumour

Basal cell carcinoma

22
Q

What are the different mesenchymal tumours?

A 
Fibrous tumours
Vascular and perivascular tumours
Muscle cell tumours
Neural cell and perineurial tumours
Lipocytic tumours
23
Q

What are mast cell tumours (MCT)?

A

Common neoplasms that can occur anywhere on the body of the cat and dog

24
Q

Where do MCT occur mostly in dogs?

A

Back half of the body including the perineum, distal limbs and prepuce

25
Q

What breeds are predisposed to MCT?

A

Multiple tumours - Boxers, Pugs, Weimaraners

Hindlimb - Boxers, Pugs, Pit Bulls, Boston terriers, English Setters

26
Q

What is the clinical appearance of MCT in dogs?

A

Varies markedly can be single/multiple, small/large, well-demarcated/infiltrative, firm/soft, ulcerated/epithelialised, oedematous/inflammatory, pigmented/non-pigmented

27
Q

What should increase suspicion of a MCT?

A

Fluctuating swelling and erythema

28
Q

What concurrent signs can be seen with MCT?

A

Bleeding disorders, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and GI ulceration

29
Q

How are MCT diagnosed and graded?

A

Diagnosis can be achieved cytologically but staging requires histopathology based on mitotic rate, degree of differentiation and tissue invasion
Most intermediate and potentially malignant

30
Q

How are MCT staged?

A

Clinical and cytological assessment of regional LNs and imaging of the liver and spleen
Buffy coats and bone marrow aspirates traditionally advised but difficult to interpret

31
Q

What are the characteristics of low grade MCT?

A

Slow growing and can transform into a more aggressive form

32
Q

What are the characteristics of high grade MCT?

A

Grow rapidly and may metastasise to regional LNs, liver, spleen or bone marrow

33
Q

What are the treatment options for MCT?

A

Surgical excision, chemotherapy and radiotherapy

34
Q

What is the treatment of choice for MCT without node involvement?

A

Surgical excision

35
Q

What is the treatment of choice for intermediate grade MCT?

A

Surgical excision with a minimum of 2cm lateral margins and one deep facial plane with histological examination of margins

36
Q

What treatment is used for high grade MCT?

A

Surgical excision with adjunctive chemotherapy

Dermatology (19 decks)

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