Lumps and Bumps Flashcards
What are nodules?
Raised solid lesions of more than 1 cm diameter
What do nodules reflect?
Cutaneous neoplasia or an inflammatory process or trauma and rarely a depositional disease
What are the characteristics of a nodule of inflammatory basis?
Often granulomatous with a diffuse or nodular dermal inflammatory pattern or associated panniculitis
What can cause granulomatous nodular inflammation?
Sterile, triggered by a foreign body or occur in response to infection with bateria
How can the cause of granulomatous nodular inflammation be ascertained?
Histological or cytological examination with routine or special stains or by macerated tissue culture
What sampling techniques are useful to diagnose granulomatous nodular inflammation?
FNA and skin biopsy
What cells can cutaneous neoplasia arise from?
Epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, round cells or metastases from other sites
What is the approach to cutaneous neoplasia?
Achieving a diagnosis of the tumour type and its histological grade is very important
Prediction of its behaviour requires pre-treatment histology
Anatomical location and extent of the lesion should be established
What other complications should be considered with cutaneous neoplasia?
Haematological and metabolic effects
What does the prognosis of cutaneous neoplasia depend on?
Type and grade of the lesion, its stage, whether complications exist and the treatments available
What treatment options are most suitable for certain tumours?
Surgery for solid tumours
Chemotheraputic options for haemolyphatic neoplasms and for some solid tumours
Radiation treatment if surgical excision isn’t appropriate
What are the most common types of cutaneous neoplasia in dogs?
Hepatoid gland adenoma, sebaceous adenoma, trichoepithelioma, basal cell tumour, Meibomian gland adenoma, intracutaneous cornifying epithelioma, squamous cell carcinoma, apocrine gland adenoma
What are the most common types of cutaneous neoplasia in cats?
Basal cell tumour, squamous cell carcinoma, aprocine duct adenoma, apocrine gland adenoma, ceruminous gland adenoma, ceruminous gland carcinoma
What cell types do epithelial cells differentiate into?
Basal keratinocytes, the squame, cell of the inner and outer root sheaths, the adnecal glands and their ducts
What do pathologists try to establish in the histopathological examination of skin tumours?
Whether the cells are trying to make anything as helps to differentiate between the origin of the neoplastic cell line
What treatment do most epithelial tumours respond to?
Surgical excision although carcinomas may require other measures
What are the tumours of the epidermis?
Papilloma
Inverted papilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma
What are the different hair follicle tumours?
Infundibular keratinising acanthoma Tricholemmoma Trichoblastoma Trichoepithelioma Pilomatricoma
What are the different sebaceous gland tumours?
Sebaceous hyperplasia/adenoma/epithelioma/adenocarcinoma
Hepatoid gland adenoma
Meibomian gland adenoma/epithelioma/adenocarcinoma
What are the different sweat gland tumours?
Apocrine gland adenoma/ductal adenoma/adenocarcinoma
Eccrine adenoma/adenocarcinoma
Ceruminous gland adenoma/adenocarcinoma
Anal sac adenoma/adenocarcinoma
What are the epithelial tumours without squamous or adnexal differentiation?
Basal cell tumour
Basal cell carcinoma
What are the different mesenchymal tumours?
Fibrous tumours Vascular and perivascular tumours Muscle cell tumours Neural cell and perineurial tumours Lipocytic tumours
What are mast cell tumours (MCT)?
Common neoplasms that can occur anywhere on the body of the cat and dog
Where do MCT occur mostly in dogs?
Back half of the body including the perineum, distal limbs and prepuce
