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Dermatology > Equine Skin Diseases > Flashcards

Equine Skin Diseases Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What infectious skin diseases affect horses?

A 
Ectoparasite infestations
Dermatophilosis
Folliculitis
Fungal - dermatophytosis
Viral - aural plaques
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2
Q

What non-infectious skin diseases affect horses?

A 
Allergies
Immune-mediated
Endocrinopathies
Miscellaneous
Neoplasia
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3
Q

What ectoparasites infest horses?

A 
Chorioptes spp (limbs and tail)
Psoroptes spp (head and ears)
Nectrombicula autumnalis, Dermanyssus gallinae
Rarely scabies, demodecosis
Ticks, lice fleas and flies
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of lice infestation in equines?

A

Infested by contact with affected animals and has variable pruritis
Can see parasites with naked eye

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5
Q

What is the diagnosis and treatment for lice infestation in equines?

A

Fipronil spray, synthetic pyrethroids, systemically ivermectin

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6
Q

What are the methods by which flies cause skin disease?

A

Bites and stings - wounds and pain
Hypersensitivity
Larvae causing myasis
Disease transmission of Habronemiasis or Onchocerchiasis

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7
Q

What are the fly species that can cause equine skin disease?

A

Tabanus (horse fly), Stomoxys (stable fly), haematobia spp, Muscids, Culicoides spp, Hydrotea spp, Hippobosca equine, Simulium spp

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8
Q

What is the pathogenesis of pin worm infestation (oxyuriasis) of horses?

A

Adult worms migrate from the terminal parts of large intestines out of anus to lay eggs resulting in tail rubbing, self-trauma around tail base and restlessness

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9
Q

How is a pin worm infestation diagnosed in horses?

A

Hand-held lens or acetate tape and microscope to identify eggs

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10
Q

How is a pin worm infestation treated in horses?

A

Anthelmintics

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11
Q

What is the pathology of insect bite hypersensitivity in horses?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity with seasonal pruritis, excoriations, alopecia, papules, crusts and skin thickening along dorsal or ventral midline as well as restlessness and weight loss

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12
Q

What is the typical signalment of a culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

Wet fields, little wind, animals older than 6 months

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13
Q

What are the DDx for a culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

Oxyuris equi, other insects, other allergies

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14
Q

How is culicoides hypersensitivity diagnosed?

A

Clinic, midges, intradermal/serology

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15
Q

How is sweet itch managed in horses?

A

Avoidance by stabling from 4pm to 8am, rugs/hoods, fans/fly screens/fly traps and windy dry grazing
Repellents and Longterm insecticides such as synthetic pyrethroids
Anti-inflammatories/antipruritic medication such as antihistamines and glucocorticoids

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16
Q

What are common bacterial skin infections in the horse?

A

Staphylocci, Dermatophilus congolensis

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17
Q

What are the key things to remember about bacterial pyoderma in horses?

A

Can be painful and pruritic

There will always be a primary cause as bacterial infection is always secondary

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18
Q

What are the clinical signs of dermatophilosis in horses?

A

Exudate, matter hair, alopecia, ‘paint brush effect’

Dorsum or limbs affected

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of a papillomavirus infection?

A

Aural plaques - hyperkeratotic plaques on concave aspect of pinnae

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20
Q

Which animals are affected by aural plaques?

A

Yearlings and older

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21
Q

What is the therapy for aural plaques?

A

Observation

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22
Q

Which dermatophytes infest horses?

A

Trichophyton equinum var equinum
T. mentagrophytes
M. equinum
M gypseum

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23
Q

What is the clinical course of dermatophytosis in the horse?

A

If horse is healthy will resolve in 5-6 weeks

Can be pruritic

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24
Q

What is the therapy for dermatophytosis?

A

Topical
Systemic griseofulvin/KI (off license)
Isolation and hygiene measures

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25
Q

What allergies do horses suffer that can manifest at the level of the skin?

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity
Food allergy - poorly understood and elimination diet difficult
Atopic dermatitis
Contact hypersensitivity

26
Q

What autoimmune/immune-mediated skin diseases do horses get?

A 
Pemphigus foliaceus
Erythemma multiforme
Adverse drug reaction
Vaculitis
Alopecia areata
27
Q

What are the clinical signs of PPID?

A

PU/PD, lethargy, hirsutism, laminitis, secondary infections, supraorbital fat deposits, hyperdydrosis

28
Q

What is the pathogenesis of PPID?

A

Hyperplasia of the pituitary pars intermedia

29
Q

What systemic granulomatous disease affects the skin in horses?

A

Chronic eosinophilic enteritis

30
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic eosinophilic enteritis?

A

Both skin and GI involvement with grave prognosis

Equine sarcoidosis/wasting disease

31
Q

What are the proposed mechanisms of chronic eosinophilic enteritis?

A

Mycobacteria
Propionibacterium
Viral antigens in human sarcoidosis

32
Q

What is the treatment for chronic eosinophilic enteritis?

A

Change feed, systemic GC for months

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic eosinophilic enteritis?

A

Skin signs = exfoliative dermatitis -> generalised scaling, often crusting, alopecia or nodules
Systemic signs = severe wasting, fever, lymphadenopathy, icterus, diarrhoea

34
Q

How is chronic eosinophilic enteritis diagnosed?

A

History, clinical signs, leukocytosis, anaemia, abnormal liver/kidney function, skin histopathology, organ biopsy, granulomatous +/- eosinophils

35
Q

What photo-induced/influenced skin diseases are horses affected by?

A

Photosensitistion UV + poorly pigmented skin + photodynamic agent in skin such as St. Johns Wort/phenothiazine
Leucocytoclastic vasculitis = non pigmented lower limbs, acute onset erythema, oozing, crusting, painful

36
Q

What sterile nodular diseases do horses get?

A

Collagenolytic granuloma
Cutaneous mastocytosis
Axillary nodular necrosis
Unilateral papillomatosis

37
Q

Which microbial/parasitic nodular diseases do horses get?

A

Botryomycosis
Habronemiasis
Dermatophilosis
Dermatophytosis

38
Q

What are the characteristics of collagenolytic granuloma?

A

Often in saddle area, neck and flanks mostly in spring and summer and may be single or multiple with variable diameter from 0.5-10cm
Not alopecic, ulcerative, painful, pruritic
Chronic lesions mineralised

39
Q

How is collagenolytic granuloma diagnosed?

A

History - age, speed on onset, seasonality, recent treatment, systemic disease
Fungal and bacterial culture, FNA, often histopathology needed for definitive diagnosis

40
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for collagenolytic granuloma?

A

Hypodermiasis, papular dermatitis, Staphylococcal folliculitis and furunculosis, dermatophytosis, dermatophilosis, neoplasia, calcinosis circumscripta, cutaneous amyloidosis

41
Q

What is the treatment for collagenolytic granuloma?

A

Leave alone
Surgical excision
Glucocorticoids

42
Q

What is the prognosis for collagenolytic granuloma?

A

May resolve spontaneously
Recurrence common
Glucocorticoids probably ineffective in later stages after mineralisation

43
Q

What are the predilection sites for equine sarcoids?

A

Fly predilection sites and wounds

44
Q

What is the aetiology of equine sarcoids?

A

Viral likely - bovine papilloma virus particles identified

45
Q

What is the clinical importance of sarcoids?

A

Restricted to skin and subcutis but locally aggressive

May become large and restrict movement, ulceration and secondary infection

46
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for sarcoids?

A

Other neoplasia

Infections

47
Q

What are the six clinical sarcoid entities?

A

Occult - eyes, mouth, hairless areas
Nodular - groin, sheath, eyelid, subcutaneous nodules
Verrucous - face, body, nodules, thickening
Fibroblastic - groin, eyelids, limbs, wounds, fleshy, ulcer
Mixed - verrucous-nodular-fibroblastic, face, groin
Malevolent - chords of tumour palpable

48
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for occult sarcoids?

A

Dermatophytosis

Burns trauma

49
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for nodular sarcoids?

A

Fibroma, melanoma, collagenolytic granuloma, warble fly cysts

50
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for verrucous sarcoids?

A

Papillomatosis, chronic sweet itch, squamous cell carcinoma

51
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for fibroblastic sarcoids?

A

Granulation tissue, botryomycosis, habronemiasis, neurofibroma, squamous cell carcinoma

52
Q

What are the DDx of mixed sarcoids?

A

Easy to recognised, granulation tissue, habronemiasis

53
Q

What are the DDx for malevolent sarcoids?

A

Lymphangitis, Glanders, Lymphosarcoma, subcutaneous mycosis

54
Q

How are equine sarcoids diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs rule out dermatophytosis, biopsy

55
Q

What are the pre-treatment considerations of equine sarcoids?

A

Cost, previous therapy, availability, safety, prognosis

56
Q

What are the surgical options for equine sarcoid removal?

A

Ligation, hyperthermia, electrocautery, cryosurgery, laser excision

57
Q

What topical chemotherputic agents can be used to treat equine sarcoids?

A

Cisplatin injections, 5-fluorouracil

58
Q

How is immunomodulation used to treat equine sarcoids?

A

Intralesional injection with Bacillus-Calmette-Geurin (BCG)

59
Q

What radiotherapy can be used to treat equine sarcoids?

A

Beta-radiation on smaller lesions on eyelids and joints

60
Q

What is Imiquimod (Aldara)?

A

Immune-response modifying, antiviral and anti-tumour activity, used to treat sarcoids and showing promise

Dermatology (19 decks)

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