LTM- Encoding ; etc Flashcards
What is retrieval of memory?
Processing information from LTM into WM
Maintenance rehearsal is what?
Mindless repetition without meaning. Ex) Repeating a phone number
Elaborative rehearsal uses what?
Uses meaning to make connections
What is Levels of Processing Theory? Is the concept true or false?
Idea is that Memory depends on the way you process determines how likely you are to recall it later.
We know this is not true.
Depth of Processing distinguishes the difference between what? Define the different processes.
Shallow, Intermediate and Deep.
Shallow processing involves little attention (like maintenance). Focus on physical feature, like upper or lower case letter.
Intermediate- Does it rhyme with another word?
Deep processing involves Close Attention. Processing the meaning of the word and relating to something else.
ex) Is this a synonym or antonym to the word?
What is Levels of Processing Theory?
Memory depends on depth of processing.
Depth of Processing distinguishes the difference between what? Define the different processes.
Shallow and Deep.
Shallow processing involves little attention (like maintenance). Focus on physical feature, like upper or lower case letter.
Deep processing involves Close Attention. Meaning and relating to something else.
What does orienting task refer to? We did a test in class, and we were fooled by the task… why did Dr. Gerkens do that?
Orienting task is used by researchers to make participants to process the way they need to process it.
If participants know they are about to take a memory task, they may intentionally process it in a way to count the vowels AND remember the words.
Do do we define what deep processing is in the Levels of Processing theory?
The problem is that the way we define deep processing is that we remember it better… this is circular reasoning. We are defining the process by looking at the results.
What is Paired-Associate learning? What is the famous example? What did this prove?
It’s a cue word, paired with a visual imagery. Later, the first word of the pair is shown, and the participants pair it to the image it was connected to.
ex) Ordeal-Roach
The cue is Ordeal, and you would have an image of roaches.
It proved that visual imagery helps.
What is self-reference effect? How does it improve encoding?
Deep processing where you relate a word to yourself! Subjects more likely to remember words that they rate as describing themselves.
What is Generation Effect?
2 groups: Read group and Generate group.
Read group would just read the pairs of related words like king-crown.
Generate group would fill in the word that relates to the first word like king-cr
Generating a word themselves recalled the words better.
Remembering words in a particular category may serve as what?
provide and example.
A retrieval cue… like categorizing apples, plums, grapes and hat, coat, pants… The word apple may serve as a retrieval cue for other fruits.
Create an “organized tree” in your mind about FACTORS THAT AID ENCODING.
FACTORS THAT AID ENCODING HAS 3 BRANCHES: Create Connections, Active Creation, Organization.
Create Connections (2)- Imagery (boat-tree) & Link to self (self-reference effect)
Active Creation (2)- Generate information (king-cr) & Testing
Organization (3) - Recall by groups (fruits, clothing), Present in an organized way (“tree experiment), & Meaningful framework (balloon experiment)
Remembering words in a particular category may serve as what?
Provide and example.
A retrieval cue… like categorizing apples, plums, grapes and hat, coat, pants… The word apple may serve as a retrieval cue for other fruits.
This shows that organization is important.
What is Balloon Effect? Which example did Gerkens use to show this effect?
What is the take away message?
Organization makes the biggest difference whether we remember or not. Gerken’s “laundry” experiment and the books “balloon” experiment shows that we can read coherent sentences, but the story is not meaningful until we see the photo that accompanies it. -So seeing the photo BEFORE we read the ambiguous passage helps to encode better.
The ability to remember stuff depends on how the stuff is encoded.
What does survival value refer to? How did subjects do?
Naire tested subjects to have them imagine themselves in a foreign land without any survival tool- and asked them which things they would choose to help them find food and water.
Subjects did better than other “elaborative” tasks like linking words to self.
What does cued recall have to do with LTM? How does it help retrieval?
We are able to generate more items when we recognize an item through a cue… this shows that the information Encoded, but the problem is failure of retrieval.
Describe the Testing Effect experiment and what researchers found.
What’s the take home message?
Subjects are given a passage and asked to recall after a period of delay: 5 mins, 2 days, or 1 week.
Testing Effect shows that those who write down items after reading a passage, tests better than those who just read the passage passively.
No difference between groups after 5 minutes, but 1 week later, the testing group scored better.
Take home: practice retrieval and generating; connection bw encoding and retrieval.
What does the results of Tulving and Pearlstone’s “cue recall” tests show?
*Remembering banana as yellow, bunches, edible…
The results showed the retrieval cues are only so effective when they’re created by the person whose memory’s being tested. Hence, 91% of words were remembered, vs 55% when someone else cued, and 17% when they never saw the nouns or got a cue.
What is the “diving experiment” an example of?
Describe the effect…
Example?
The diving experiment refers to Encoding Specifity…
This is when learning and testing environment is congruent, you tend to do better.
ex) Study in similar environment in which I’d be tested… so library is as quiet as my classroom during a test.
What does State-Dependent Learning refer to?
Learning can be associated with your mood or state of awareness. Memory will be better when internal state during retrieval matches internal state during encoding.
What is constructive nature of memory? What did subjects in Bartlett’s War of the Ghost story tend to do?
Constructive nature of memory is when people report constructed stories based on actuality plus other factors like culture.
Bartlett’s subjects reported the story back each time after a delay with omissions and/or personal touches.
What is constructive nature of memory? What did subjects in Bartlett’s War of the Ghost story tend to do?
Constructive nature of memory is when people report constructed stories based on actuality plus other factors like culture.
Bartlett’s subjects reported the story back each time after a delay called “Repeated Productions” with omissions and/or personal touches.
What is Constructive Nature of Memory? What did subjects in Bartlett’s War of the Ghost story tend to do?
Constructive nature of memory is when people report constructed stories based on actuality plus other factors like culture.
Bartlett’s subjects reported the story back each time after a delay called “Repeated Productions” with omissions and/or personal touches.
What does Source Monitoring refer to?
That details to memories are from various sources. This is how constructive nature of memory occurs.
What is Source Monitoring Error and Source Misattributions?
Source Monitoring Error occurs when you can’t remember the source of your memory… so not remembering who told you about something. It can also be called Misattribution because we can attribute to the wrong source.
