LTM 1

Question 1

Mental time travel

Answer 1

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past.

Question 2

Personal semantic memories

Answer 2

Semantic components of autobiographical memories.

Question 3

Remember/know procedure

Answer 3

A procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it, or know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier.

Question 4

Semanticization of remote memories

Answer 4

Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events.

Question 5

Constructive episodic simulation hypothesis

Answer 5

The hypothesis proposed by Schacter and Addis that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.

Question 6

Expert-induced amnesia

Answer 6

Amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention. (e.g. surgeon doing surgery)

Question 7

Repetition priming

Answer 7

When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus when it is presented later.

Question 8

Propaganda effect

Answer 8

People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements.

Question 9

Generation effect

Answer 9

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.

Question 10

Testing effect

Answer 10

Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.

Question 11

Spacing effect

Answer 11

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying.

Question 12

Serial position curve

Answer 12

People’s ability to recall items on a list

depend on their position in the list

Question 13

Recency effect

Answer 13

Better memory for items that appeared late on a list

Question 14

Primacy effect

Answer 14

Better memory for items that appeared at the

beginning of a list

Question 15

Implicit memory

Answer 15

Memory that affects behaviour without conscious awareness

Question 16

Why is implicit memory often called nondeclarative memory?

Answer 16

Because these are memories that you cannot make declarations about

Question 17

Types of implicit memory

Answer 17

• Procedural memory
• Priming
• Classical conditioning

Question 18

Procedural memory

Answer 18

Knowing how to perform a skill

Question 19

Perceptual priming

Answer 19

Change in the response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or similar stimulus

Question 20

Classical conditioning

Answer 20

When pairing a neutral stimulus with a biologically relevant stimulus changes the response to the neutral stimulus - responses to stimuli don’t involve any conscious recall of initial pairing

Question 21

Explicit memory

Answer 21

Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts

Question 22

Why is explicit memory often called declarative memory?

Answer 22

Because these are memories that you can make declarations about

Question 23

Types of episodic memory

Answer 23

• Episodic
• Semantic
• Autobiographical

Question 24

Episodic memory

Answer 24

Memory for specific, personal experiences. Involves mental time travel to relive that experience.

Question 25

Semantic memory

Answer 25

Memory for facts

Question 26

Autobiographical memory

Answer 26

Subset of episodic and semantic memory - it has components of both. Someone’s memory of experiences in their own lives, as well as facts related to these experiences (known as personal semantic memories).

Question 27

Patient KC

Answer 27

• Damaged his hippocampus and surrounding regions in a motorcycle accident
• After his accident, he could no long relive any events from his past (Episodic Memory)
• He could learn new facts though — e.g. the death of his brother

Question 28

Patient LP

Answer 28

• Suffered an attach of encephalitis.
• After the illness, could not recognize familiar people, couldn’t remember the meaning of words or where items were kept (Semantic Memory)
• She could remember the events from her life

Question 29

Henry Molaison

Answer 29

• Had his hippocampus (and surrounding brains structures) removed in 1953 to treat his epilepsy
• After his surgery, his IQ remained high, his language
  skills remained strong, his STM was okay
• He could not form new long term memories

Question 30

Patient KF

Answer 30

• Suffered damage to parietal lobe in a
  motorcycle accident.
• After the accident, his digit span dropped to 2 and
  he did not show a recency effect in the serial
  position curve
• He could form new long term memories about his
  life

Question 31

Why are there so many memory systems?

Answer 31

• Different memory systems have different experiential qualities
• Each memory system can be manipulated independently of others
• Double dissociations in patients with brain damage

Question 32

Encoding

Answer 32

Formation of a new memory

Question 33

Consolidation

Answer 33

The process that transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state

Question 34

Retrieval

Answer 34

Reactivating a memory and putting it in working memory

Question 35

Reconsolidation

Answer 35

Idea that everytime you retrieve a memory, it becomes unstable again, so you need to stabilize it again

Question 36

Levels of processing theory

Answer 36

Levels refer to how you process information = shallow or deep

Question 37

Shallow processing

Answer 37

Corresponds to sensory analyses (e.g. attending to perceptual features, maintenance repetition)

Question 38

Deep processing

Answer 38

Corresponds to semantic/conceptual analysis (e.g. thinking about the meaning of the content, elaborative rehearsal)

Question 39

Retrieval tests

Answer 39

• Free recall
• Serial recall
• Cued-recall
• Recognition

Question 40

Free recall

Answer 40

Participants study a list of stimuli (words, pictures, etc) and then are asked to recall all the stimuli that they can, in any order

Question 41

Serial recall

Answer 41

Similar to Free Recall, but must recall stimuli in the same order as they were presented

Question 42

Cued-recall

Answer 42

Participants study pairs of stimuli (a Cue and a Target). Are then shown each cue and are asked to recall the corresponding target

Question 43

Recognition

Answer 43

Participants study stimuli and then are shown the studied stimuli (‘old’) along with unstudied stimuli (‘new’). Asked to indicate which ones the recognize
from the study list.

Question 44

Encoding specificity

Answer 44

Matching the context in which encoding and retrieval

occur

Question 45

State-dependent learning

Answer 45

Matching the internal state presented during encoding and retrieval

Question 46

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 46

Matching the task involved in encoding and retrieval

Question 47

How does sleep enhance episodic memory?

Answer 47

During sleep the hippocampus is thought to ‘replay’ events from your day, ‘teaching’ them to the cortex of the brain.

Question 48

Systems level consolidation

Answer 48

New memories are first encoded in the hippocampus, which builds connections with higher cortical areas during sleep and retrieval. Once the memory is consolidated, connections in the cortex are strong enough that the hippocampus is no longer needed during retrieval.

Question 49

Multiple trace model of consolidation

Answer 49

The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories.