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LS2 Science- Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Why must we reproduce?

A

To allow the human species to survive

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Involves to organisms of a species
- Male: gametes (Sperms)
- Female: eggs (Ovum)
• A sperm fuses with an egg to give rise to an offspring
• Only sexually mature male and female organisms can produce reproductive cells

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3
Q

Puberty

A

Period of rapid growth and development during which a person becomes sexually mature (Capable of reproducing)
• Increased secretions of certain hormones in the body bring about puberty
• Occurring- Girls: 10-12 years- Boys: About 2 years later
• The reproductive organs grow and develop to produce sperms or mature eggs
• Dramatic physical, emotional and social changes occur

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4
Q

Puberty > Changes

A

[Boys]
• Facial hair starts to grow and hair starts to grow in the pubic region and armpits
• Voice-box enlarges and deepens
• The penis and testes increase in size
• Production of sperms begins and ejaculation occurs

[Girls]
• Hair starts to grow in the pubic region and armpits
• Breasts and uterus enlarge, hips broaden
• Menstruation and ovulation begin

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5
Q

Male reproductive system > Sperm duct

A

[ The tube connecting testis to urethra]
• Two sperm ducts (One for each testes)
• Muscular tube which rises up the body and joins the urethra
• Carries sperms from the testis to the urethra

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6
Q

Male reproductive system > Scrotum

A
  • Each testis is found in a scrotum
  • A sac that hangs outside the body, where the temperature is slightly lower than the body temperature
  • The lower temperature is important for the production of healthy sperms
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7
Q

Male reproductive system > Testis (plural: testes)

A

The testis produces sperms and male sex hormones (Testosterone)
• These hormones are responsible for the development of male characteristics during puberty

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8
Q

Male reproductive system > Male sex glands

A

They secrete an alkaline fluid containing nutrients and enzymes.The nutrients provide the sperms with the energy needed to move rapidly

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9
Q

Male reproductive system > Semen

A
  • Sperms and fluid from the sex glands make up semen

* Semen is deposited in the female passage during sexual intercourse

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10
Q

Male reproductive system > Penis

A
  • Becomes erect when sexually excited, making sexual intercourse possible
  • Sperms are ejaculated into the female passage during intercourse through the penis
  • Each ejaculation contains 100 million sperms (Healthy person)
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11
Q

Male reproductive system > Urethra

A

• Tube which leads to the outside of the body through the penis - Sperms passes from testis to sperm ducts to urethra - Urethra then passes sperms into the female • Also joins the base of the bladder where urine is stored • Urine passes through the urethra • The opening between the urethra and bladder is closed so that urine and semen never mix

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12
Q

Male reproductive system > Sperm

A

Male reproductive cell, about 0.06mm long.
• Head: Contains nucleus where chromosomes from male parent are found
• Long tail: Helps the sperm to swim towards the egg

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13
Q

Female reproductive system > Ovary

A

Produces ova and female sex hormones.- Hormones: responsible for the development of female characteristics during puberty
• Produces about 250 eggs in the life of the female
• Menopause: egg production slows down and stops (Age 45-55)
• Eggs are produced from the point of birth to puberty
(Released by the ovaries every month)
• Eggs- Shape: Spherical - Diameter: 1.20 mm

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14
Q

Female reproductive system > Oviduct (Fallopian tube)

A

The egg released from the ovary is pushed along the oviduct towards the uterus.
(By the muscular contractions of the wall)
• Location where the sperm meets the egg

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15
Q

Female reproductive system > Uterus

A

Pear-shaped organ with thick muscular walls.
• Inner surface is covered by a soft and smooth layer (Uterine lining)
-The lining breaks down and is shed with some blood every month from puberty onwards
• Location where the foetus develops

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16
Q

Female reproductive system > Cervix

A

A ring of muscle at the lower end of the uterus

• Enlarges to allow the foetus to pass through during birth

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17
Q

Female reproductive system > Vagina (or birth canal)

A
  • Muscular tube
  • Joins the cervix to the outside of the body
  • Where sperms are deposited
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18
Q

Female reproductive system > Menstruation

A

‘Menstruation’ is the monthly discharge of blood and tissues out of the body through the vagina
• Lasts for about 5-7 days
• Amount of blood lost varies on person

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19
Q

Female reproductive system > Menstrual cycle

A

‘Menstruation cycle’ is the start of a cycle of events occurring in the female reproductive organs.
• Lasts about 28 days
• Main function: Prepare the uterus to receive a fertilised egg
• Controlled by hormones (incl. Female sex hormones)

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20
Q

Female reproductive system > Stages of Menstrual cycle > Menstruation

A

Occurs if the egg released by the ovary is not fertilised
• Uterine lining (Prepared to receive fertilised egg), breaks down
• Menstrual flow or discharge: together with blood and uterine lining
• Lasts for an average of 5 days

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21
Q

Female reproductive system > Stages of Menstrual cycle > Repair and growth of uterine lining

A

The urine lining is very thin after menstruation
• Oestrogen (female sex hormone) causes the uterine lining to repair itself and grow in thickness
• The lining becomes vascularised (very rich in blood capillaries)
• Lasts for about 9 days

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22
Q

Female reproductive system > Stages of Menstrual cycle > Ovulation

A

The release of a mature egg from the ovary into the Oviduct (fallopian tube)
• Usually occurs on the 14th day from the start of having menstruation
• Having sexual intercourse during this period (11-14 days) is most likely to result in pregnancy

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23
Q

Female reproductive system > Stages of the Menstrual cycle > Further thickening of the uterine lining

A

• After ovulation, the ovary begins to secrete another female sex hormone called progesterone into the bloodstream
- Progesterone maintains the thickness of the uterine lining which is ready for the embryo to be implanted
• After the implantation, the embryo gets nutrients and oxygen for growth from the uterine lining

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24
Q

Female reproductive system > Stages of the Menstrual cycle > Ending of a cycle

A
  • If a sperm does not fertilise with an egg, the ovary stops producing a lot of progesterone
  • The uterine lining hence breaks down (Menstruation)
  • Usually occurs on the 28th day of the cycle
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25
Q

Female reproductive system > Fertilisation

A

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the sperm and the egg, called ‘Fertilisation’

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26
Q

Female reproductive system > Fertilisation > Process

A
  1. During sexual intercourse, the penis is inserted into the vagina
  2. Semen is ejaculated from the penis into the upper end of the vagina, the sperm will then swim into the uterus and oviducts
  3. Fertilisation might take place (With presence of egg)
  4. The zygote (fertilised egg) divides repeatedly to form the embryo, which moves into the uterus and becomes embedded in the uterine lining
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27
Q

Female reproductive system > Implantation

A

• The fertilised egg or zygote divides to form a ball of cell called the embryo
• The embryo travels along the oviduct into the uterus where it embeds itself in the uterine lining
- This is called ‘implantation’

28
Q

Female reproductive system > Birth

A
  • The embryo develops into a foetus
  • In humans, pregnancy lasts about 9 months
  • At the end of this period, the muscles of the uterus contract to push out the baby in a process ‘birth’
29
Q

Female reproductive system > Weeks of fertilisation

A

[Weeks 1-4]Arms and legs begin to form, with a little tail
[ >Week 7]Nose, ears and fingers can be seen
[ >Week 11]Embryo is now called a foetus (Looks more like a baby)
[ >Week 20]Foetus looks more like a human baby
[ approx. 9 months]The baby is ready to be born

30
Q

Heredity

A

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes (Reproductive cells)
• The male and female gamete fuse to form a zygote
• During fertilization, the zygote will get genes from both parents
• The study of our characteristics and how they are passed down to us from our parents is called ‘heredity’

31
Q

Heredity > DNA

A

Chromosomes contain Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Each sequence of DNA contains genetic information known as a gene
• Genes in a human cell contain instructions for making a human being
• This genetic information determines our hereditary characteristics
• There are 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of a human cell

32
Q

Heredity > Hereditary materials

A
  • The nuclei of eggs and sperms carry genes, which are passed down to the offspring, known as ‘hereditary materials’
  • Genes are passed down from one generation to the next
33
Q

Heredity > How are genes passed down?

A

The sperm and the egg each have a nucleus, which contain chromosomes that carry genes
• When the sperm fuses with the egg the fertilised egg or zygote is formed
• The zygote contains genes from both parents

34
Q

Premarital Sex

A

Sexual intercourse before marriage is called ‘Premarital Sex’
• Couples may think that having sex before marriage will strengthen their relationship
• It is a selfish activity where both partners only seek their own pleasure
- This may lead to serious problems

35
Q

Consequences of Premarital Sex

A

• Unwanted or unplanned pregnancy
- Often leads to abortion as the couple is emotionally incapable of supporting a child
• Contracting sexually transmitted infections (STI)
• To avoid these, we should have responsible sexual relationships and practice abstinence before marriage

36
Q

Consequences of Premarital Sex > Consent

A
  • Only you have the right to decide when you are ready for sex• You have the right to say “NO”!
  • Talk to your partner about your feelings and what seems right for you
  • If you and your partner cannot agree, you could find someone else who beliefs are are closer to your own
37
Q

Consequences of Premarital Sex > Values

A

Thinking about your own personal values will help you to become a more mature, responsible and sensitive person

38
Q

Abortion

A

‘Abortion’ is the deliberate early termination of a pregnancy
• It requires surgical removal of the embryo of the embryo or foetus from the uterus
• Must be carried out by trained medical professionals
• Should be done within the first 19 weeks of pregnancy

39
Q

Abortion > Factors (Affects decision for abortion)

A
  • Surgical procedure can cause infection which can lead to infertility
  • The uterus could be pierced by surgical equipment, endangering the life of the mother
  • A women usually feels guilty, which could lead to depression
40
Q

Reasons for having an abortion

A
  • Risk of permanent harm to the mother if the pregnancy continues
  • Risk of the child being born physically or mentally handicapped
  • Danger to the life of the mother and/or foetus
  • Unwanted pregnancy resulting from rape
  • Mother who is physically and/ or mentally incapable of supporting a child
  • Not financially ready
41
Q

Birth control

A
  • Needed when a couple is not ready to have a child, they use some form of birth control or contraceptive methods during sexual intercourse
  • Used to prevent pregnancies
  • Prevents- ovulation, fertilisation or implantation of the fertilised egg
  • May be natural, chemical, mechanical or surgical
  • Could be temporary or permanent
42
Q

Temporary methods of birth cotrol

A

• Allows couples to still have children when they stop using the methods
• May be natural or artificial in nature
[Natural means] - Abstinence (Not having sexual intercourse at all
)- Withdrawal of the penis just before ejaculation
- Not having sexual intercourse during the fertile phrase of the menstrual cycle: Rhythm method
[Artificial means]
- Contraception such as spermicide (hormonal pills)
- Mechanical devices such as condoms, diaphragm, etc.

43
Q

Spermicide

A
  • Chemicals that inactivate, kill or block sperms from entering the uterus (Preventing fertilisation)
  • Form of gels, aerosol foams or foaming tablets inserted into the vagina
  • Usually unreliable
44
Q

Condom

A

• A thin rubber tube used to cover the erect penis before sexual intercourse
• Small teat at the end of the condom collects the semen
• The condom is not permeable to sperms. This does not allow sperm to enter the vagina.
• Impermeable to germs like bacteria and viruses, protecting the user from STIs
• Have a coating of spermicide
- To make it more effective, extra spermicide, applied on the outer surface of the surface of the condom after it is fitted over the the erect penis or inserted into the vagina, should be used

45
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • A dome-shaped rubber cap with an elastic rim
  • Inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix
  • Impermeable and prevents sperms from entering the uterus
  • Is more effective when used with a spermicide
46
Q

Intra-uterine device (IUD)

A
  • A coil or loop of plastic or metal, which comes in many shapes
  • Inserted by a doctor into the uterus
  • Effective and convenient birth control (Provides protection for a long period)
47
Q

Contraceptive pills

A
  • Contain female sex hormones (Progesterone)
  • Prevents ovulation and must be taken under a doctor’s supervision
  • Reliable if followed closely
48
Q

Permanent methods of birth control

A
  • Use surgery and usually irreversible

* Couples should not use such methods unless they do not want any children

49
Q

Vasectomy

A
  • A minor surgery involving tying and cutting part of the sperm ducts
  • Hence, sperms would not e ejaculated during sexual intercourse
  • Unable to make spouse pregnant and is said to be STERILE
50
Q

Tubal ligation

A
  • Tubal ligation involving surgical tying and cutting of both the oviducts
  • Prevents the egg from meeting the sperms
  • Fertilisation will not not occur
51
Q

Sexually transmitted infections

A

Infections that may be spread or transmitted from an infected person to another through sexual intercourse
• STIs such as gonorrhea and syphilis are caused by bacteria, and can be cured if treated quickly
• AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by a virus, which is incurable and fatal

52
Q

Sexually transmitted infections > Symptoms

A
  • STIs are dangerous as infected people usually feel and look healthy during early stages
  • When symptoms are shown, the disease may already cause a lot of bodily harm or become incurable
  • Those unaware that they have STIs may pass down to their innocent spouses or unborn babies
53
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Signs & Symptoms, Singapore context

A

• In Singapore, the common STIs include gonorrhea, syphilis and AIDS
• Each disease has its characteristics and symptoms
• Signs/ Symptoms
- Can be Measured/ Observed: Rashes and Sores, etc.
- Cannot be observed/ Can only be described by patient: Pain or Nausea, etc.

54
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Gonorrhoea

A
  • Caused by a bacterium
  • Spherical in shape
  • Transmitted through sexual intercourse
  • Dangerous: They can continue to infect people, especially if they have many sex partners
  • Some women may not show any obvious signs or symptom although they are infected with the disease
  • Can be passed from the infected mother to the baby during birth
  • Babies could become blind when the bacteria enters their eyes
  • Can be treated with the appropriate antibodies
55
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Gonorrhoea (Signs and symptoms)

A

[Appearing after a few days after infection]
• Yellow pus discharged from the end of the urethra (usually Male)
• Burning sensation is experienced on urinating (usually Male)
• In the male, the urethra becomes narrow and urinating becomes difficult
- In severe cases, the testes may become fibrous and the person may become sterile
• In women, pus from the vagina may spread to the uterus and oviducts
- Sterility may occur if these parts become blocked or damaged

56
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Syphilis

A
  • Caused by a spherical shape bacterium
  • Transmitted through sexual intercourse
  • Can also be passed to offspring
57
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Syphilis (Signs and Symptoms) > Stage 1 of 3

A

[Stage 1]
• A few days after infection, painless sore appears on the - Penis
- Cervix (Female)
- Elsewhere on the body
- May disappear without treatment (Moved to next stage)

58
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Syphilis (Signs and Symptoms) > Stage 2 of 3

A

[Stage 2]
• Few months later, non-itchy rashes appear
• Sores appear on the reproductive organs
• Similarly, the signs may disappear without treatment

59
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Syphilis (Signs and Symptoms) > Stage 3 of 3

A
  • Highly dangerous stage
  • Patient may become blind, parts of the patient body may become paralysed
  • Heart failure, insanity or death may occur
  • This disease can be promptly cured if treated with antibodies
60
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS

A

• Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
• AIDS is incurable and fatal
[Background]
• Usually the white blood cells produce antibodies to destroy the virus when entering the body
• However, HIV attacks the white blood cells, making them unable to protect the body against infection

61
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS (Signs and Symptoms) [HIV]

A
  • Appears only after a few months or even years
  • In the beginning, an HIV positive person may just fall sick more easily than a normal person (More common)
  • Afterwards, the person begin to lose weight and have diarrhea and fever
62
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS (Signs and Symptoms) [AIDS]

A

• AIDS is the final stage of HIV
- The virus has now completely destroyed the body’s resistance to disease
• Results in
- Severe weight loss
- Chronic diarrrhoea and fever
- Lung infections (e.g. pneumonia and tuberculosis)
- Kaposi’s sarcoma (Cancer of the blood vessels)
- Brain infection

63
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS (Spread of HIV)

A

• Through sexual intercourse with an infected partner
• Through
- Blood transfusion from an infected donor;
- Sharing injection needless with an infected person
- May be transmitted from an infected mother to her foetus during pregnancy or children

64
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS (Prevention and control)

A

[Prevention and control]
• Avoid casual sex
• Avoid sharing instruments that are likely to break the skin and be contaminated with blood
(e.g. razors and toothbrushes)
• Using condoms during sexual intercourse
• Do not abuse drugs or share injection needles
• Use only blood that have been screened for HIV
(Safe for transfusion)

65
Q

Sexually transmitted diseases > Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, AIDS
(Informing the public about STIs)

A

• The Ministry of Health plays an important role in forming the public about STIs
• This information is made available through campaigns, exhibitions, etc.
• These tells the public about
- AIDS Antibody Test
- Counselling Services
- AIDS Helplines

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