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7sage > LR - Stimuli Indicators (mixed) > Flashcards

LR - Stimuli Indicators (mixed) Flashcards

1
Q

“Because ___, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“Because [premise], [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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2
Q

“Due to ___, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“Due to [premise], [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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3
Q

“Therefore, since ___, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“Therefore, since [premise], [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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4
Q

“Since ___, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“Since [premise], [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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5
Q

“Given that ___, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“Given that [premise], [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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6
Q

“For ___, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“For [premise], [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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7
Q

“As indicated by ___, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“As indicated by [premise], [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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8
Q

“Owing to ___, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“Owing to [premise], [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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9
Q

“___ because ___.”

A

PREMISE
“ [conclusion] because [premise].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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10
Q

“___ since ___.”

A

PREMISE
“ [conclusion] since [premise].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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11
Q

“___ for ___.”

A

PREMISE
“ [conclusion] for [premise].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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12
Q

“___. For example, ___.”

A

PREMISE
“ [conclusion]. For example, [premise].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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13
Q

“___. This can be seen from ___.”

A

PREMISE
“ [conclusion]. This can be seen from [premise].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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14
Q

“___. We know this by ___.”

A

PREMISE
“ [conclusion]. We know this by [premise].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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15
Q

“___, in that ___.”

A

PREMISE
“ [conclusion], in that [premise].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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16
Q

“___. Furthermore, ___.”

A

ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. Furthermore, [premise].”

Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.

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17
Q

“___. Moreover, ___.”

A

ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. Moreover, [premise].”

Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.

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18
Q

“___. Besides, ___.”

A

ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. Besides, [premise].”

Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.

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19
Q

“___. In addition, ___.”

A

ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. In addition, [premise].”

Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.

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20
Q

“___. After all, ___.”

A

ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. After all, [premise].”

Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.

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21
Q

“It must be that ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“It must be that [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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22
Q

“It follows that ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“It follows that [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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23
Q

“___. Therefore, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Therefore, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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24
Q

“___. Thus, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Thus, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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25
Q

“___. Consequently, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Consequently, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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26
Q

“___. As a result, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. As a result, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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27
Q

“___. So, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. So, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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28
Q

“___. Hence, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Hence, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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29
Q

“___. Accordingly, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Accordingly, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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30
Q

“___. Clearly, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Clearly, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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31
Q

“___. For this reason, ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. For this reason, [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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32
Q

“___. This shows that ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“[premise]. This shows that [conclusion].”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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33
Q

“___ will probably ___ because___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“___will probably [conclusion] because [premise]___.”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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34
Q

“We can conclude that ___, based on ___.”

A

CONCLUSION
“We can conclude that [conclusion], based on [premise]”

Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.

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35
Q

“Many people incorrectly believe that ___.”

A

OPINION OF OTHERS & CONCLUSION

Note: This is the author’s conclusion because by adding the term “incorrectly”, the author directly tells us that the opinion of others is wrong.

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36
Q

“Some people argue that ___.”

A

OPINION OF OTHERS

Note: Usually, the author’s conclusion will DISAGREE with this opinion (but not always).

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37
Q

“According to X, ___.”

A

OPINION OF OTHERS

Note: Usually, the author’s conclusion will DISAGREE with this opinion (but not always).

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38
Q

“Although ____, ___.”

A

CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-PREMISE
“Although [concession], [counter-premise].”

Note: Although we can use “although” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.

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39
Q

“Admittedly, ___. ___.”

A

CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-PREMISE
“Admittedly, [concession]. [counter-premise].”

Note: Although we can use “Admittedly” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.

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40
Q

“Even though ____, ____.”

A

CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-POINT
“Even though [concession], [counter-point].”

Note: Although we can use “even though” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.

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41
Q

“Despite ____, ____.”

A

CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-POINT
“Despite [concession], [counter-point].”

Note: Although we can use “despite” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.

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42
Q

“___. In spite of this, ____.”

A

CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-POINT
“ [concession]. In spite of this, [counter-point]

Note: Although we can use “In spite of this” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.

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43
Q

“But ___.”

A

COUNTER-POINT

Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “but”. When “but” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.

44
Q

“Yet ___.”

A

COUNTER-POINT

Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “yet”. When “yet” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.

45
Q

“However, ____.”

A

COUNTER-POINT

Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “However,”. When “However” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.

46
Q

“Still, ____.”

A

COUNTER-POINT

Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “Still,”. When “Still” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.

47
Q

“In contrast, ____.”

A

COUNTER-POINT

Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “In contrast,”. When “In contrast” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.

48
Q

“___ always ___.”

A

all

49
Q

“___ any ___.”

A

all

50
Q

“___ each ___ is ___.”

A

all

51
Q

“___ every___ is ___.”

A

all

52
Q

“___ invariably ___.”

A

all

53
Q

“___ almost all ___ are ___.”

A

most

54
Q

“generally ___ are ___.”

A

most

55
Q

“___ likely___.”

A

most

56
Q

“___ majority ___.”

A

most

57
Q

“nearly all ___ are ___.”

A

most

58
Q

“___ probably ___.”

A

most

59
Q

“___ tends to ___.”

A

most

60
Q

“___ typically ___.”

A

most

61
Q

“___ usually ___.”

A

most

62
Q

“____ certain (things) are ___.”

A

some

63
Q

“few___ are ___.”

A

some

64
Q

“____ frequently ___.”

A

some

65
Q

“many___ are ___.”

A

some

66
Q

“numerous ____ are ____.”

A

some

67
Q

“___ often ___.”

A

some

68
Q

“___ rarely ___.”

A

some

69
Q

“several ___ are ___.”

A

some

70
Q

“___ if ___.”

A

sufficient

EX: “I will bring an umbrella if it rains.”
R —> U
/U —> /R

71
Q

” ___ when___.”

A

sufficient

EX: “I eat sushi when I’m in Japan.”
J —> ES
/ES —> /J

72
Q

“___ where ___.”

A

sufficient

EX: “I will nap where it’s quiet.”
Q —> N
/N —> /Q

73
Q

“___ all ___.”

A

sufficient

EX: “…and all birds have featers.”
B —> F
/F —> /B

74
Q

“___ the only ___.”

A

sufficient

EX: “…and the only valedictorians are A+ students.”
V —> A+
/A+ —> /V

75
Q

“___ every ___.”

A

sufficient

EX: “…and every rose has a thorn.”
R —> Th
/Th —> /R

76
Q

“___ any ___.”

A

sufficient

EX: “…and any LSAT student needs to study.”
LSAT-S —> NS
/NS —> /LSAT-S

77
Q

“___ only ___.”

A

necessary

EX: “…and only hummingbirds can fly backward.”
FB —> HB
/HB —> /FB

78
Q

“___ only if ___.”

A

necessary

EX: “I will drink coffee only if it’s morning.”
DC —> M
/M —> /DC

79
Q

“___ only when ___.”

A

necessary

EX: “I eat ice cream only when it’s hot.”
EIC —> H
/H —> /EIC

80
Q

“___ only where ___.”

A

necessary

EX: “Polar bears live only where there are glaciers.”
PBL —> G
/G —> /PBL

81
Q

” ___ always ___.”

A

necessary

EX: “dolphins always live in pods.”
D —> LIP
/LIP —>D

82
Q

“___ requires ___.”

A

necessary

EX: “victory requires sacrifice.”
V —> S
/S —> /V

83
Q

“___ unless ___.”

A

negate, sufficient
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the sufficient condition)

EX: “We can’t swim unless it’s hot weather.”

S —> HW
/HW —> /S

84
Q

“___would not___had not___.”

A

negate, sufficient
(basically, it’s a convoluted “unless”)

EX: “Earth’s average temperature would not be warming had not people burned a tremendous amount of fossil fuels.”

EW —> PBFF
/PBFF —> EW

85
Q

“___ until ___.”

A

negate, sufficient
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the sufficient condition)

EX: “It’s not over until the fat lady sings.”

O —> FLS
/FLS —> /O

86
Q

” ___ without ___.”

A

negate, sufficient
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the sufficient condition)

EX: “You can’t travel abroad without a passport.”

TA —> P
/P —> /TA

87
Q

“Either ___ or ___, but not both.”

A

The “EXCLUSIVE” version of “or”
(only 1 can be picked)

EX: “Either Hamilton or Jefferson will win, but not both”

H –> /J
J –> /H

88
Q

“___ or ___ must ___.”

A

The “INCLUSIVE” version of “or”
(minimum: 1, maximum: 2. It’s the same as “and/or”)

EX: “Bart or Lisa must go to school” (Bart can go to school, Lisa can go to school, or BOTH can go. But at least one of them must do so.)

89
Q

” ___ is more ___ than ___ or ___.”

A

The “AND” version of “or”
(mentally substitute the word “and” for “or”)

EX: “Obama is more popular than Clinton or Trump.”

90
Q

“___ no ___.”

A

negate, necessary
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the necessary condition)

EX: “No cats are dogs.”

C –> /D
D–> /C

91
Q

“___ none ___.”

A

negate, necessary
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the necessary condition)

EX: “None of the pills in the study have side effects.”

P –> /SE
SE–> /P

92
Q

“___ not both ___.”

A

negate, necessary
(Ambiguous: it could be 0 or 1, but definitely not 2. Thus, if one is selected, the other must NOT be.)

EX: “It’s true that not both North Korea and South Korea are democracies.”

NK –> /SK
SK –> /NK

93
Q

” ___ never ___.”

A

negate, necessary
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the necessary condition)

EX: “Honest people never lie.”

HP –> /L
L –> /HP

94
Q

” ___ cannot ___.”

A

negate, necessary
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the necessary condition)

EX: “Immortals cannot die.”

I –> /D
D –> /I

95
Q

“Because of ____, ____.”

A

CAUSATION
“Because of [cause], [effect].”

96
Q

“___ is responsible for ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[cause] is responsible for [effect].”

97
Q

“___ is a reason for ___.”
or
“A reason for ___ is ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[cause] is a reason for [effect].”
or
“A reason for [effect] is [cause].”

98
Q

“___ leads to ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[cause] leads to [effect].”

99
Q

“___ played a role in ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[cause] played a role in [effect].”

100
Q

“___ was a factor in ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[cause] was a factor in [effect].”

101
Q

“___ is caused by ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[effect] is caused by [cause].”

102
Q

“___is an effect of ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[effect] is an effect of [cause].”

103
Q

“___ is determined by ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[effect] is determined by [cause].”

104
Q

“___ is a product of ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[effect] is a product of [cause].”

105
Q

“___ is produced by ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[effect] is produced by [cause].”

106
Q

“___ was promoted by ___”

A

CAUSATION
“[effect] was promoted by [cause].”

107
Q

“___ is influenced by ___.”

A

CAUSATION
“[effect] is influenced by [cause].”

7sage (5 decks)

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