LR - Stimuli Indicators (mixed) Flashcards
“Because ___, ___.”
PREMISE
“Because [premise], [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“Due to ___, ___.”
PREMISE
“Due to [premise], [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“Therefore, since ___, ___.”
PREMISE
“Therefore, since [premise], [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“Since ___, ___.”
PREMISE
“Since [premise], [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“Given that ___, ___.”
PREMISE
“Given that [premise], [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“For ___, ___.”
PREMISE
“For [premise], [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“As indicated by ___, ___.”
PREMISE
“As indicated by [premise], [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“Owing to ___, ___.”
PREMISE
“Owing to [premise], [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___ because ___.”
PREMISE
“ [conclusion] because [premise].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___ since ___.”
PREMISE
“ [conclusion] since [premise].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___ for ___.”
PREMISE
“ [conclusion] for [premise].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. For example, ___.”
PREMISE
“ [conclusion]. For example, [premise].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. This can be seen from ___.”
PREMISE
“ [conclusion]. This can be seen from [premise].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. We know this by ___.”
PREMISE
“ [conclusion]. We know this by [premise].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___, in that ___.”
PREMISE
“ [conclusion], in that [premise].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. Furthermore, ___.”
ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. Furthermore, [premise].”
Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.
“___. Moreover, ___.”
ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. Moreover, [premise].”
Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.
“___. Besides, ___.”
ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. Besides, [premise].”
Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.
“___. In addition, ___.”
ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. In addition, [premise].”
Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.
“___. After all, ___.”
ADDITIONAL PREMISE
“[premise / sub-conclusion]. After all, [premise].”
Note: A sub-conclusion is like a premise here because it, too, helps support the MAIN conclusion.
“It must be that ___.”
CONCLUSION
“It must be that [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“It follows that ___.”
CONCLUSION
“It follows that [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. Therefore, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Therefore, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. Thus, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Thus, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. Consequently, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Consequently, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. As a result, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. As a result, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. So, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. So, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. Hence, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Hence, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. Accordingly, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Accordingly, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. Clearly, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. Clearly, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. For this reason, ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. For this reason, [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___. This shows that ___.”
CONCLUSION
“[premise]. This shows that [conclusion].”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“___ will probably ___ because___.”
CONCLUSION
“___will probably [conclusion] because [premise]___.”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“We can conclude that ___, based on ___.”
CONCLUSION
“We can conclude that [conclusion], based on [premise]”
Note: We don’t know if the conclusion is a main conclusion or a sub-conclusion.
“Many people incorrectly believe that ___.”
OPINION OF OTHERS & CONCLUSION
Note: This is the author’s conclusion because by adding the term “incorrectly”, the author directly tells us that the opinion of others is wrong.
“Some people argue that ___.”
OPINION OF OTHERS
Note: Usually, the author’s conclusion will DISAGREE with this opinion (but not always).
“According to X, ___.”
OPINION OF OTHERS
Note: Usually, the author’s conclusion will DISAGREE with this opinion (but not always).
“Although ____, ___.”
CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-PREMISE
“Although [concession], [counter-premise].”
Note: Although we can use “although” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.
“Admittedly, ___. ___.”
CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-PREMISE
“Admittedly, [concession]. [counter-premise].”
Note: Although we can use “Admittedly” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.
“Even though ____, ____.”
CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-POINT
“Even though [concession], [counter-point].”
Note: Although we can use “even though” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.
“Despite ____, ____.”
CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-POINT
“Despite [concession], [counter-point].”
Note: Although we can use “despite” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.
“___. In spite of this, ____.”
CONCESSION and/or COUNTER-POINT
“ [concession]. In spite of this, [counter-point]
Note: Although we can use “In spite of this” to identify the concession, a premise or conclusion could come right before or after it. It’s a case-by-case basis.
“But ___.”
COUNTER-POINT
Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “but”. When “but” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.
“Yet ___.”
COUNTER-POINT
Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “yet”. When “yet” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.
“However, ____.”
COUNTER-POINT
Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “However,”. When “However” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.
“Still, ____.”
COUNTER-POINT
Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “Still,”. When “Still” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.
“In contrast, ____.”
COUNTER-POINT
Note: We can say for sure what comes before/after “In contrast,”. When “In contrast” comes after the opinion of others, though, it is PROBABLY introducing a conclusion.
“___ always ___.”
all
“___ any ___.”
all
“___ each ___ is ___.”
all
“___ every___ is ___.”
all
“___ invariably ___.”
all
“___ almost all ___ are ___.”
most
“generally ___ are ___.”
most
“___ likely___.”
most
“___ majority ___.”
most
“nearly all ___ are ___.”
most
“___ probably ___.”
most
“___ tends to ___.”
most
“___ typically ___.”
most
“___ usually ___.”
most
“____ certain (things) are ___.”
some
“few___ are ___.”
some
“____ frequently ___.”
some
“many___ are ___.”
some
“numerous ____ are ____.”
some
“___ often ___.”
some
“___ rarely ___.”
some
“several ___ are ___.”
some
“___ if ___.”
sufficient
EX: “I will bring an umbrella if it rains.”
R —> U
/U —> /R
” ___ when___.”
sufficient
EX: “I eat sushi when I’m in Japan.”
J —> ES
/ES —> /J
“___ where ___.”
sufficient
EX: “I will nap where it’s quiet.”
Q —> N
/N —> /Q
“___ all ___.”
sufficient
EX: “…and all birds have featers.”
B —> F
/F —> /B
“___ the only ___.”
sufficient
EX: “…and the only valedictorians are A+ students.”
V —> A+
/A+ —> /V
“___ every ___.”
sufficient
EX: “…and every rose has a thorn.”
R —> Th
/Th —> /R
“___ any ___.”
sufficient
EX: “…and any LSAT student needs to study.”
LSAT-S —> NS
/NS —> /LSAT-S
“___ only ___.”
necessary
EX: “…and only hummingbirds can fly backward.”
FB —> HB
/HB —> /FB
“___ only if ___.”
necessary
EX: “I will drink coffee only if it’s morning.”
DC —> M
/M —> /DC
“___ only when ___.”
necessary
EX: “I eat ice cream only when it’s hot.”
EIC —> H
/H —> /EIC
“___ only where ___.”
necessary
EX: “Polar bears live only where there are glaciers.”
PBL —> G
/G —> /PBL
” ___ always ___.”
necessary
EX: “dolphins always live in pods.”
D —> LIP
/LIP —>D
“___ requires ___.”
necessary
EX: “victory requires sacrifice.”
V —> S
/S —> /V
“___ unless ___.”
negate, sufficient
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the sufficient condition)
EX: “We can’t swim unless it’s hot weather.”
S —> HW
/HW —> /S
“___would not___had not___.”
negate, sufficient
(basically, it’s a convoluted “unless”)
EX: “Earth’s average temperature would not be warming had not people burned a tremendous amount of fossil fuels.”
EW —> PBFF
/PBFF —> EW
“___ until ___.”
negate, sufficient
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the sufficient condition)
EX: “It’s not over until the fat lady sings.”
O —> FLS
/FLS —> /O
” ___ without ___.”
negate, sufficient
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the sufficient condition)
EX: “You can’t travel abroad without a passport.”
TA —> P
/P —> /TA
“Either ___ or ___, but not both.”
The “EXCLUSIVE” version of “or”
(only 1 can be picked)
EX: “Either Hamilton or Jefferson will win, but not both”
H –> /J
J –> /H
“___ or ___ must ___.”
The “INCLUSIVE” version of “or”
(minimum: 1, maximum: 2. It’s the same as “and/or”)
EX: “Bart or Lisa must go to school” (Bart can go to school, Lisa can go to school, or BOTH can go. But at least one of them must do so.)
” ___ is more ___ than ___ or ___.”
The “AND” version of “or”
(mentally substitute the word “and” for “or”)
EX: “Obama is more popular than Clinton or Trump.”
“___ no ___.”
negate, necessary
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the necessary condition)
EX: “No cats are dogs.”
C –> /D
D–> /C
“___ none ___.”
negate, necessary
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the necessary condition)
EX: “None of the pills in the study have side effects.”
P –> /SE
SE–> /P
“___ not both ___.”
negate, necessary
(Ambiguous: it could be 0 or 1, but definitely not 2. Thus, if one is selected, the other must NOT be.)
EX: “It’s true that not both North Korea and South Korea are democracies.”
NK –> /SK
SK –> /NK
” ___ never ___.”
negate, necessary
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the necessary condition)
EX: “Honest people never lie.”
HP –> /L
L –> /HP
” ___ cannot ___.”
negate, necessary
(pick one part of the relationship, negate it, then make it the necessary condition)
EX: “Immortals cannot die.”
I –> /D
D –> /I
“Because of ____, ____.”
CAUSATION
“Because of [cause], [effect].”
“___ is responsible for ___.”
CAUSATION
“[cause] is responsible for [effect].”
“___ is a reason for ___.”
or
“A reason for ___ is ___.”
CAUSATION
“[cause] is a reason for [effect].”
or
“A reason for [effect] is [cause].”
“___ leads to ___.”
CAUSATION
“[cause] leads to [effect].”
“___ played a role in ___.”
CAUSATION
“[cause] played a role in [effect].”
“___ was a factor in ___.”
CAUSATION
“[cause] was a factor in [effect].”
“___ is caused by ___.”
CAUSATION
“[effect] is caused by [cause].”
“___is an effect of ___.”
CAUSATION
“[effect] is an effect of [cause].”
“___ is determined by ___.”
CAUSATION
“[effect] is determined by [cause].”
“___ is a product of ___.”
CAUSATION
“[effect] is a product of [cause].”
“___ is produced by ___.”
CAUSATION
“[effect] is produced by [cause].”
“___ was promoted by ___”
CAUSATION
“[effect] was promoted by [cause].”
“___ is influenced by ___.”
CAUSATION
“[effect] is influenced by [cause].”
