LP 2 vocab

Question 1

Adrenergic inhibitors

Answer 1

inhibit the sympathetic NS and product many of the same rest-and-digest symptoms as the parasympathomimetics

Question 2

Afterload

Answer 2

the degree of pressure in the aorta that must be overcome for blood to be ejected from the L ventricle - affects cardiac output

Question 3

Aldosterone

Answer 3

stimulated by Angiotensin II. Increases Na+ reabsorption in the kidney, causing the body to retain water, increasing blood volume and raising blood pressure

Question 4

Alpha-1 receptors

Answer 4

all sympathetic target organs EXCEPT the heart - constriction of blood vessels, dilation of pupils

Question 5

Alpha-2 receptors

Answer 5

presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals - adrenergic induce adrenalin-like responses (alpha2 receptors inhibit the release of norepinephrine [AKA noradrenaline])

Question 6

Alpha-blocker

Answer 6

used for their effects on vascular smooth muscle - relaxing the muscle, causing vasodilation, decreasing blood pressure

Block alpha receptors so catecholamines can’t bind. Arteriole dilation, decrease in afterload

Question 7

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors

Answer 7

block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Primary: causes arterial vasodilation, decreasing afterload

Secondary: causes vasoconstriction, decreasing preload

Question 8

Baroreceptors

Answer 8

sense pressure within blood vessels, responding to changes in the circulating blood volume and regulating sympathetic and parasympathetic neural activity and endocrine activities. located within left atrium, carotid, and aortic arches.

Question 9

Beta blockers

Answer 9

Blocks stimulation of beta1 adrenergic receptors which causes arterial vasodilation, decreasing afterload

also decrease the heart rate and contractility, reducing cardiac output and lower system blood pressure

Question 10

Beta-1 receptors

Answer 10

location: heart and kidneys

response: increased heart rate and force of contraction; release of renin

Question 11

Beta-2 receptors

Answer 11

location: all sympathetic target organs except the heart

response: inhibition of smooth muscle

Question 12

Calcium channel blocker

Answer 12

Inhibits transport of calcium into myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells

Causes arterial vasodilation, decreasing afterload

Question 13

Cardiac output

Answer 13

the volume of blood pumped per minute. the higher the CO, the higher the blood pressure

HR x stroke volume (amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one contraction)

Question 14

Catecholamines

Answer 14

involved in neurotransmission (NE, epinephrine, dopamine) = all are adrenaline

Question 15

Central alpha agonists

Answer 15

Blocks the signal from brain stem that signals release of catecholamines (inhibiting cardio acceleration and vasoconstriction centers), so decreased squeeze and resistance.

Dilates arteries, decrease afterload

Question 16

Diuretic

Answer 16

Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions in the nephron

Decrease blood volume, decreasing preload

Question 17

Hypertensive crisis

Answer 17

two types, both of which SBP >180 or DBP >120

1) hypertensive urgency: considered stable, no symptoms, often due to nonadherence to drug therapy. Find out WHY this has happened

2) hypertensive emergency: high B/P + symptoms
*If left untreated 80% will die within one year
*Admit, continuous BP

Question 18

Postural (orthostatic) hypotension

Answer 18

an abnormal drop in BP that occurs as the pt changes from a supine to a standing position

*decrease in SBP of 20 or DBP 10 (dizziness, weakness, syncope)

Question 19

Preload

Answer 19

the degree of stretch of the ventricles (also the volume of blood) at the end of diastole

Question 20

Primary hypertension

Answer 20

no identifiable cause

Question 21

Pulmonary vascular resistance

Answer 21

the resistance of the pulmonary BP to right ventricular ejection

Question 22

Renin

Answer 22

secreted when the kidneys sense low perfusion or diminished blood pressure. it circulates to the liver and converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

Question 23

Secondary hypertension

Answer 23

high BP from an identifiable underlying cause

*btwn 5-10% of adults w/ hypertension have this kind

Question 24

Stroke volume

Answer 24

amount of blood ejected from one of the ventricles per heartbeat

Question 25

Systemic vascular resistance

Answer 25

resistance to blood flow out of the left ventricle created by the systemic circulatory system

Question 26

Vasodilators

Answer 26

ex: nitroglycerin

Dilates both arteries and veins, primarily veins

Primary: dilates veins, decreasing preload

Secondary: dilates arteries, decreasing afterload