LP 1 Flashcards
list 3 things that brain injuries can result from
1) trauma
2) tumours
3) stroke
________ and ________ can have damaging effects on brain structures
deprivation of oxygen and blood flow
_____ is deprivation of oxygen with maintained blood flow. list 4 things (conditions) that can cause hypoxia
1) athmospheric pressure
2) carbon monoxide poisoning
3) severe anemia
4) failure to oxygenate blood
hypoxia can produce
1) euphoria
2) drowsiness
3) implied problem solving
can unconsciousness and convulsions occur with severe hypoxia
yes
ischemia is
reduced or interrupted blood flow, interfere with delivery of oxygen and glucose and removal of metabolic wastes
list and know details of 2 types of ischemia
1) focal stroke - only a region of the brain is affected
2) global stroke - entire brain is affected (cardiac arrest)
list 3 pathological causes of ICP (increased intracranial volume pressure)
1) brain tumour
2) brain edema
3) bleeding into brain tissue
a displacement of brain tissue under the flax cerebrum or the tentorium cerebellum is known as _______
brain herniation
list 3 types (and know details) of supra tentorial herniations of the brain
1) cingulate- leg weakness, bi or unilateral
2) central transtentorial- altered level of consciousness, decorticate posturing, rostral-caudal deterioration
3) uncial transtentorial- hemiparesis, pupil dilation, visual field loss, respiratory arrest
list 2 types of cerebral edema (brain swelling) and know the details of each
1) vasogenic
- integrity of BBB is disrupted; allows fluid to escape into ECF.
2) cytotoxic
- actually swelling of brain cells (may or may not increase ICP)
_________ is the enlargement of CAF compartments and increase CSF volume
hydrocephalus
_________ describes all structural damage to the head and has synonymous with “traumatic brain injury”
head injury
list 4 groups of skull fractures (details of each)
1) simple (or linear) a break in the continuity of the bone
2) comminuted: a splintered or multiple fracture line
3) depressed: bone fragments are embedded in the brain tissue
4) basilar: a fracture occurs in the bones that form the base of the skull
skull fractures can result in damage to these cranial nerves because they exit the cranial vault
I
II
III
VII
VIII
list and know the details or each head injury
1) mild
- momentary loss of consciousness
- possibility of amnesia
- recovery within 24 hours; mild symptoms can be present for months
2) moderate
- small hemorrhages and some swelling of brain tissue
- period of unconsciousness
- visible by CT scan
3) severe
- extensive mechanical and secondary damage
- usually results in coma
- accompanied by server neurological deficits such as coma, hemiplegia and other signs of elevated CP
______ results of vascular injury and bleeding
hematoma
list the two types of hematoma and know details of each
1) epidural
- head injuries from a fractures skill
- common in young people because the dura is not firmly attached to the skull
2) subdural
- develops between the dura and the arachnoid (subdural space)
- venous sources of bleeding in a subdural hematoma develops more slowly
with subdural hematoma, how long do symptoms take to occur in acute, subacute and chronic
acute: 48 hours after injury
subacute: 2-14 days after injury
chronic: several weeks after injury
list 2 types of stroke and know details of each
1) ischemic
- interruption of BF
- most common form (87%)
2) hemorrhagic
- bleeding into brain tissue usually from blood vessel rupture by hypertension, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformation and head injuries.
- higher fatality
which type of stroke is most common
ischemic
what type of stroke has a higher fatality rate
hemorrhagic
list the risk factors of stroke
- age
- sex
- race
- prior stroke
- family history
- hypertension
- smoking
- diabetes mellitus
- cardiac disease
- hypercholesteremia
- hypercoagulopathy
list 6 modifiable behaviours that can influence stroke
- smoking
- alcohol
- birth control pills in combination with smoking
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- illicit drug use
