LP 1

Question 1

list 3 things that brain injuries can result from

Answer 1

1) trauma
2) tumours
3) stroke

Question 2

________ and ________ can have damaging effects on brain structures

Answer 2

deprivation of oxygen and blood flow

Question 3

_____ is deprivation of oxygen with maintained blood flow. list 4 things (conditions) that can cause hypoxia

Answer 3

1) athmospheric pressure
2) carbon monoxide poisoning
3) severe anemia
4) failure to oxygenate blood

Question 4

hypoxia can produce

Answer 4

1) euphoria
2) drowsiness
3) implied problem solving

Question 5

can unconsciousness and convulsions occur with severe hypoxia

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

ischemia is

Answer 6

reduced or interrupted blood flow, interfere with delivery of oxygen and glucose and removal of metabolic wastes

Question 7

list and know details of 2 types of ischemia

Answer 7

1) focal stroke - only a region of the brain is affected
2) global stroke - entire brain is affected (cardiac arrest)

Question 8

list 3 pathological causes of ICP (increased intracranial volume pressure)

Answer 8

1) brain tumour
2) brain edema
3) bleeding into brain tissue

Question 9

a displacement of brain tissue under the flax cerebrum or the tentorium cerebellum is known as _______

Answer 9

brain herniation

Question 10

list 3 types (and know details) of supra tentorial herniations of the brain

Answer 10

1) cingulate- leg weakness, bi or unilateral
2) central transtentorial- altered level of consciousness, decorticate posturing, rostral-caudal deterioration
3) uncial transtentorial- hemiparesis, pupil dilation, visual field loss, respiratory arrest

Question 11

list 2 types of cerebral edema (brain swelling) and know the details of each

Answer 11

1) vasogenic
- integrity of BBB is disrupted; allows fluid to escape into ECF.
2) cytotoxic
- actually swelling of brain cells (may or may not increase ICP)

Question 12

_________ is the enlargement of CAF compartments and increase CSF volume

Answer 12

hydrocephalus

Question 13

_________ describes all structural damage to the head and has synonymous with “traumatic brain injury”

Answer 13

head injury

Question 14

list 4 groups of skull fractures (details of each)

Answer 14

1) simple (or linear) a break in the continuity of the bone
2) comminuted: a splintered or multiple fracture line
3) depressed: bone fragments are embedded in the brain tissue
4) basilar: a fracture occurs in the bones that form the base of the skull

Question 15

skull fractures can result in damage to these cranial nerves because they exit the cranial vault

Answer 15

I
II
III
VII
VIII

Question 16

list and know the details or each head injury

Answer 16

1) mild
- momentary loss of consciousness
- possibility of amnesia
- recovery within 24 hours; mild symptoms can be present for months
2) moderate
- small hemorrhages and some swelling of brain tissue
- period of unconsciousness
- visible by CT scan
3) severe
- extensive mechanical and secondary damage
- usually results in coma
- accompanied by server neurological deficits such as coma, hemiplegia and other signs of elevated CP

Question 17

______ results of vascular injury and bleeding

Answer 17

hematoma

Question 18

list the two types of hematoma and know details of each

Answer 18

1) epidural
- head injuries from a fractures skill
- common in young people because the dura is not firmly attached to the skull
2) subdural
- develops between the dura and the arachnoid (subdural space)
- venous sources of bleeding in a subdural hematoma develops more slowly

Question 19

with subdural hematoma, how long do symptoms take to occur in acute, subacute and chronic

Answer 19

acute: 48 hours after injury
subacute: 2-14 days after injury
chronic: several weeks after injury

Question 20

list 2 types of stroke and know details of each

Answer 20

1) ischemic
- interruption of BF
- most common form (87%)
2) hemorrhagic
- bleeding into brain tissue usually from blood vessel rupture by hypertension, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformation and head injuries.
- higher fatality

Question 21

which type of stroke is most common

Answer 21

ischemic

Question 22

what type of stroke has a higher fatality rate

Answer 22

hemorrhagic

Question 23

list the risk factors of stroke

Answer 23

• age
• sex
• race
• prior stroke
• family history
• hypertension
• smoking
• diabetes mellitus
• cardiac disease
• hypercholesteremia
• hypercoagulopathy

Question 24

list 6 modifiable behaviours that can influence stroke

Answer 24

• smoking
• alcohol
• birth control pills in combination with smoking
• physical inactivity
• obesity
• illicit drug use

Question 25

what are types of ischemic strokes

Answer 25

• ischemic penumbra in evolving stroke
• transient ischemic attacks
• large vessel (thrombotic) stroke
• small vessel stroke (lacunar infarct)
• cardio genie embolic stroke

Question 26

what is the key treatment for a stroke

Question 27

are children usually at risk for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Question 28

list 2 phases of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. also know the manifestations of each

Answer 28

1) presentation before rupture
2) after rupture

Question 29

list infections of CBS and the structures involved?

Question 30

list infections of CNS and the structures involved

Question 31

what is made of transmission for encephalitis

Question 32

what is the most common encephalitis

Question 33

glial tumours divided into 2 main categories (know the difference between each)

Question 34

what is the most fatal stroke

Answer 34

hemorrhagic

Question 35

what is the 2 common predisposing factors of hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 35

1) advancing age
2) hypertension

Question 36

what are the signs and symptoms of hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 36

1) vomiting occurs at onset
2) headaches often occur
3) focal symptoms would depend on the area/vessel involved ( most common is basal ganglia resulting in contra lateral hemiplegia, with initial flaccidity progressing to spasticity

Question 37

what are the 2 types of meningitis

Answer 37

1) acute purulent meningitis (usually bacterial)
2) acute lymphocytic meningitis (usually viral)

Question 38

what is a tumour of the oligodendrocytes

Question 39

do the manifestations of brain tumours depend on size of the brain tumour and location? know the general signs and symptoms as they become larger

Question 40

________ is an abnormal behaviour caused by an electrical discharge from neurons in the cerebral cortex

Question 41

list the classification of epileptic seizures