Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CRRAB II Part 2 Respiratory > Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (Zimmer) - W2 > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (Zimmer) - W2 Flashcards

1
Q

What presents with cough, fever & chest pain. May have signs of common cold prior, but chest radiograph is negative.

A

Bronchitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is bronchitis diagnosed and how is it treated?

A
  • diagnosed by distinguishing it from pneumonia on chest xray.
  • self limiting
  • if longer than 14 days, along with sputum and fever, need bacterial treatment.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the bacterial treatment for bronchitis

A

erythromycin

azithromycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some common viral causes of the common cold?

A
  1. Rhinovirus
  2. Parainfluenza virus
  3. Adenovirus
  4. Influenza C
  5. Coxsackie A and B
  6. RSV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are 2 bacterial causes of bronchitis?

A
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
  • S. pneumoniae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What patient population is bronchiolitis common in?

A

children under 1 year typically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the common causes of bronchiolitis?

A
  • RSV = most common
  • Parainfluenza virus
  • Adenovirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does pertussis present?

A
  • incubation
    • 3 to 21 days
    • has cold symptoms - runny nose
  • second paraoxysmal stage
    • severe & uncontrollabl ecoughing
    • burst eye vessels
    • seizures
  • convalescent phase - bacteria decrease and no ongoing symptoms. Other organisms could cause 2’ infection.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does pertussis grow on?

A
  • Bordet-Gengou Agar - allows for selective growth of Bordetella species.
  • regan - Lowe medium - blood charcoal and antibiotic
  • direct fluorescent antibody test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the traits of pertussis?

A

gram negative

coccobacilli

pleomorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the traits of influenza?

A

RNA virus

helical capsid

ss - Class IV segmented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When are those with influenza infectious

A

1 day before symtpoms and up to 5 to 7 days after becoming sick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Are most people tested for influenza?

A

No, because results usually do not change treatment.

performed on nasal or throat swipe. Rapid test can yield false negatives (longer test is more accurate).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If detection is made of influenza in 1-2 days, what can be used?

A

antivirals -

Tamiflu

Relenza

rapivab

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the influenza virus attach?

A
  • viral hemagglutinin (HA) envelope protein makes contact w/sialic acid on cell surfaces - leads to endocytosis.
  • viral NA envelope protein cleaves HA bound to permit spread.
    • NA is target of antivirals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antigenic drift

A

occurs when minor changes in antigen occur due to gene mutation - occurs in amino acids not essential for HA binding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

antigenic shift

A

occurs in influenza A only.

major changes in antigens due to gene reassortment in influenza virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is found in the inactivated, triavlent influenza vaccine?

A
  • H1N1 virus, H3N2 virus, and a B
  • has standard and high doses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is found in the influenza quadrivalent formulation?

A

two B lineages - IIV4

direct evidence for the additional B lineage is lacking.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What bugs cause influenza that can progress to pneumonia?

A

Influenza A and B

S. aureus

H. influenza.

S. pneumonia

S. pyogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is seen with pneumonia?

A
  • inflammatory condition of lung - fluid fills alveoli
  • caused by wide range of pathogens.
  • diffuse consolidation on x-ray
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the most common cause of pneumonia?

A

S. pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Characteristics of S. agalactiae (group b strep)

A

Gram +

Cocci.

Catalase -

B hemolytic

Bacitracin resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the traits of **nocardia** asteroides
* Gram + * beaded filaments * weakly acid fast * obligate aerobe
26
Rust colored sputum =
S. pneumoniae
27
Green sputum
**pseudomonas** **Haemophilius** **Pneumococcal species**
28
Red currant jelly sputum =
**Klebsiella**
29
**Foul smelling or bad tasting sputum**
Anaerobic infections
30
typical symptoms of active TB:
**coughing up blood** **coughing for 3 or more weeks.** **chest pain, pain with breathing or coughing.** **unintential weight loss.** **fatigue** **fever.** **night sweats** **chills** **loss of appetite**
31
What are traits of mycobacterium
Acid-fast (mycolic acid and waxy barrier) Aerobic. Bacilli growth takes 3-8 weeks on media. 10,000 organisms/ml required on sputum smear
32
When are antibiotics useful with pertussis?
when you catch it in the first stage.
33
How do organisms avoid phagocytosis?
* capusle production * toxin production - leukocidins * parasites and fungi too large * replication inside cells * mimicry
34
how do bacteria survive in the phagocyte?
* inhibition of lysosome fusion with the phagosome * escape from phagosoem * resistance to killing and digestion in the phagolysome * growth in the phagocytic cell
35
What is unusual about lab data from children with pertusis?
have **lymphocytosis** even though it is a bacterial infection.
36
common pneumonia causes in neonates (birth to 6 weeks)
Streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep) E. coli
37
Common causes of pneumonia in children 6weeks to 18 yeras
1. Viruses - RSV 2. Mycoplasma pneumonia 3. chlamydia pneumonia 4. streptococcus pneumoniae
38
common causes of pneumonia in adults 18-40 years
**Mycoplasma** **Chlymdia** **streptococcus pneumonia**
39
common causes of pneumonia in adults 40-65 years
* Streptococcus pneumonia * Haemophilus influenza * Anaerobic bacteria * Viruses
40
Common causes of pneumonia in elderly (\> 65 years)
* streptococcus pneumonia * viruses * anaerobic bacteria * Haemophilus influenza * gram negative rods
41
Nosocomial pneumonia
Gram - rods ## Footnote **staph aureus**
42
Immuncompromised pneumonia
* gram negative rods * strep pneumo * fungi * filamentous bacteria * pneumocysitis jiroveci * viruses
43
alcoholic pneumonia
Strep pneumo Klebsiella pneumo Anaerobes
44
IV drug use pneumonia
Staph aureus
45
Chronic steriod use + pneumonia
Nocardia
46
Virluence of pertussis
adheres to respiratory epithelium via filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) AB toxin inactivates Gi increasing cyclic AMP
47
Strep pnemo traits
Gram + diplococcic alpha-hemolytic catalase negative susceptible to optochin Quellung reaction
48
How to treat strep pnumo infections
penicillin or cephalosporins vanco for meningitis
49
Streptococcus agalactiae traits
Gram + beta-hemolytic Bacitracin RESITANT
50
How is mycoplasma pneumonia "walking pneumo" diagnosed?
**presence of cold hemagglutinin** no cell wall fired egg appearce
51
How do we treat mycoplasma pneumonia?
erythromycin or tetracycline
52
How is chlamydia pneumonia diagnosed and how is it treated?
* **giemsa stain** to visualize intracyctoplasmic influsions * treat w/**doxycycline**
53
how does staph aureus pneumonia commonly present?
Nosocomial or with IV drug users. ## Footnote **see cavitations.**
54
What are virulence factors of staph aureus?
* protein A * coagulase * hemolysins * leukocidins * hyaluronidase * staphylokinase * lipase
55
Who is legionella pneumonia common in?
**community acquired pneumonia in ELDERLY SMOKERS**
56
What is the pathology of Legionella?
* natrually in water * can be spread through aerosols from AC * adheres via pili, phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages * surives and proliferates in macrophages. macrophages attract neutrophils. They form abscesses.
57
How is legionella detected and how is it treated?
* silver stain (gram stains poorly) * charcoal yeast extract culture w/iron and cysteine * Treat with erythromycin
58
What is the most common bug pneumonia with AIDs patients? What is given for prophylaxis?
* Pneumocystis jirovecii * tmp-smx
59
What is the treatment for nocardia?
TMP-SMX drainage of abscesses
60
Pathology of nocardia
Found in soil --\> inhaled --\> mycolic acid alows for intracellular survival and proliferation --\> caseous granulomas wall off infectious particles --\> pneumonia and cavitations form ## Footnote **aerobic, beaded filaments, weakly acid fast** **gram pOSITIVE**

CRRAB II Part 2 Respiratory (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions