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Respiratory Medicine > Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 most common bacterial causes of lower respiratory tract infection in children?

A
  1. Strep pneumoniae
  2. Haemophilus influenzae
  3. Moraxella catarrhalis
  4. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  5. Chlamydia pneumoniae
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2
Q

List the 4 most common viral causes of lower respiratory tract infections in children

A
  1. RSV
  2. Parainfluenza III
  3. Influenza A and B
  4. Adenovirus
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3
Q

What is tracheitis?

A

An infection of the trachea

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4
Q

Is tracheitis common or uncommon?

A

Uncommon

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5
Q

how does a child with tracheitis present?

A
  • croup that does not go away
  • Fever
  • The child is unwell (whereas a child with croup appears well)
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6
Q

Which two types of bacteria tend to cause tracheitis?

A

Staph or Strep invasive infections

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7
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

An Endobronchial infection 9infection of the bronchi)

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8
Q

How does bronchitis present?

A

a loose rattly cough with an upper respiratory tract infection
After a coughing fit a child will often retch and bring up sputum
The child’s chest will be free of wheeze/creps

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9
Q

Which two bacteria are most commonly associated with bronchitis?

A

haemophilus/pneumococcus

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10
Q

Will a child with bronchitis be well or unwell?

A

Very well in themselves

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11
Q

What is the pathophysiological cause of bronchitis?

A

disturbed mucociliary clearance. The mucus subsequently pools in the airways and needs to be coughed up. Bacterial overgrowth in these pools of mucus is secondary

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12
Q

How long does a bronchitis cough last for?

and how long does bronchitis last for altogether (on average)?

A

50% of individuals have a cough that lasts for 10 days

20% of individuals will have a cough lasting for 2 weeks

Bronchitis lasts for an average of 4 weeks

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13
Q

How is bronchitis managed?

A
  1. Make the diagnosis
  2. Reassure
  3. Do not treat
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14
Q

What is bronchiolitis?

A

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) of the small airways of infants

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15
Q

What is the main cause of bronchiolitis?

A

respiratory sensitivity virus

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of bronchiolitis?

A

Nasal stuffiness, tachypnoea, poor feeding (due to blocked nose) and crackles/wheeze

17
Q

What is the difference between bronchitis and bronchiolitis?

A

Bronchitis is an infection of the large airways, bronchiolitis is an infection of the small airways

18
Q

Do bronchiolitis infections reoccur?

A

No- it is a one off infection

19
Q

How should bronchiolitis be managed?

A

Maximal observation, minimal intervention

Take a nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) to identify the virus (so that children with the same virus can be nursed in the same ward)

Keep an eye on oxygen saturations

20
Q

What is a lower respiratory tract infection characterised by?

A
  • A duration of around 48 hrs, fever (>38.5oC), Shortness of breath, cough, grunting (grunting maintains the end expiratory pressure keeping the airways open)
  • Reduced or bronchial breath sounds on auscultation
21
Q

Which three characteristics would point towards pneumonia in children rather than a lower respiratory infection?

A
  • Signs are focal
  • Creps are present on auscultation
  • The child is suffering from a high fever
22
Q

Which antibiotic is used to treat lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia in children?

A

Amoxicillin

23
Q

Oral antibiotics should be given preferentially over IV antibiotics provided that the child meets which 3 criteria?

A
  1. Antibiotics are indicated
  2. It is a non-severe lower respiratory tract infection
  3. The child is not vomiting
24
Q

What is pertussis?

A

whooping cough

25
Q

Is whooping cough common or rare?

A

Common

26
Q

What is the characteristic symptom of whooping cough?

A

“Coughing fits”- cough, cough, cough, cough, cough, retch, then a big deep noisy breath in (this is the whoop)

27
Q

How des empyema present in children?

A

The patient presents with chest pain and is very unwell

28
Q

How is empyema in children treated?

A

Drainage +/- antibiotics

29
Q

Which two lower respiratory tract infections are not treated with antibiotics?

A

Bronchitis and bronchiolitis

Respiratory Medicine (27 decks)

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