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Y4 EQ - Cardio-Respiratory > Lower respiratory tract conditions affecting Groups of horses > Flashcards

Lower respiratory tract conditions affecting Groups of horses Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 infectious respiratory diseases of horses

A
  • Equine influenza
  • Equine herpes virus 1 and 4
  • Rhodococcus equi
  • Streptococcus equi var equi
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2
Q

How can you determine if a horse has an infectious respiratory disease?

A
  1. Compatible clinical signs: groups affected, pyrexia, dull.
  2. Haematology, acute phase proteins
  3. Detection of infectious agent: culture/PCR/Virus isolation
  4. Detection of immune response against infectious agent: antibodies (usually ELISA)
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3
Q

Subtypes of equine influenza are based on?

A

Haemagglutinin (H) Neuraminidase (N) = glycoprotein surface antigens

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4
Q

Why are vaccines less able to prevent outbreaks of equine influenza?

A

H3N8 displays more antigenic drift

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5
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of equine influenza

A

Infection strips the cilliated epithelium from the URT so it loses the ability to defend itself

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6
Q

List the clinical signs of equine influenza

A
  • Incubation period = 1-5 days (proportional to 1/virus dose)
  • Fever up to 41ºC
  • Cough: dry and hacking -> moist
  • Oedema and hyperaemia of URT/trachea
  • Nasal discharge: serous -> mucopurulent
  • Lethargy, inappetence +/- muscle soreness
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7
Q

How long does it take a horse to recover from equine influenza?

A

Usually complete in 1-3 weeks unless secondary respiratory infections occur

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8
Q

How is equine influenza indicated from haematology results?

A
  • Lymphopenia, neutropenia initially
  • Later monocytosis, neutrophilia and hyperfibrinogenaemia
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9
Q

How is equine influenza diagnosed?

A
  • Virus isolation from nasopharyngeal swabs: special handling procedures speak to the laboratory first, PCR
  • Serology: rising antibody titre (4x) over 2 – 4 weeks (care: vaccination)
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10
Q

When in an equine influenza infection is the best time to swab?

A

1-5 days post infection
High antibody levels
Clinical signs present

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11
Q

Describe the treatment for equine influenza

A
  • Supportive care: hydration, NSAIDs
  • +/- Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections
  • Generally improve after 7-10 days
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12
Q

Describe resting a horse following an equine influenza infection and its importance

A
  • Require prolonged period of rest (1 week off for every day of fever) to allow epithelium to recover
  • If not rested then often develop chronic cough and persistent pharyngitis / tracheitis
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13
Q

Describe mortality in adult horses with equine influenza

A
  • Very low
  • Secondary bacterial (pleuro)pneumonia
  • Purpura haemorrhagica
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14
Q

Describe mortality in foals with equine influenza

A

Mortality in Foals higher esp. if low immunity
- Myocarditis
- Secondary Bacterial bronchopneumonia
- Acute Respiratory Distress syndrome (ARDS) – immune system attacks lungs

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15
Q

Describe how equine influenza infections spread

A

Rapidly spread by the respiratory route especially if close direct contact:
- Coughing contributes to the spread
- Windborne virus may spread for up to 8km
- Morbidity in naive horses close to 100%
Excrete virus for up to 8 days after initial infection
- Survives in the environment for up to 36 hours but is easily killed by cleaning and disinfection
- Can be spread by Fomites

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16
Q

How can equine influenza outbreaks/infections be controlled?

A
  • Difficult! Rapid spread / short incubation period
  • Isolate cases in separate stable or yard (20-40 feet)
  • Monitoring of all horses for pyrexia + isolation
  • Separate personnel, equipment etc.
  • Disinfect (Bleach, ionophor, phenol, soap)
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17
Q

Name the different influenza vaccines

A

ProteqFlu
Equip F

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18
Q

Describe infections of equine herpes virus 1 and 4

A

Become latent and reactivate under times of stress
- Shed virus
- Often subclinical

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19
Q

What are the 3 main consequences of equine herpes 1 infection in horses?

A
  • Respiratory disease (and EHV4)
  • Abortion
  • Neurological (Equine herpes myeloencephalopathy)
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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of mild viral respiratory infections in horses?

A

DULL
+/- mild coughing, serous nasal discharge

21
Q

Name 3 possible viral causes of mild respiratory infections in horses

A

Equine rhinitis virus
Equine adenovirus
Equine herpes virus

22
Q

Describe the typical haematology results seen in a patient with acute mild viral respiratory disease

A
  • Decreased Neutrophils / lymphocytes
  • Then increased Lymphocytes
  • ‘reverse differential’
23
Q

Name the cause of ‘Rattles’

A

Rhodococcus equi

24
Q

Horses commonly present with rattles at which age?

A

3wo - 6mo foals

25
Q

Describe the disease caused by Rhodococcus equi

A

Pyogranulomatous pneumonia

26
Q

How is Rhodococcus equi diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis by consistent clinical signs and detection of E equi by culture/PCR.

27
Q

How is Rhodococcus equi treated?

A

Prolonged antimicrobials - Typically macrolide and rifampin

28
Q

Strangles is caused by?

A

Streptococcus equi var equi

29
Q

Is S.equi part of the normal flora in horses?

A

No - obligate parasite

30
Q

Describe the spread of Streptococcus equi var equi

A
  • Survives well in environment, especially in discharges: less in warm / dry conditions
  • Spread via nose or mouth contact, fomites.
  • Distant spread rare
  • Carrier animals harbour organism in guttural pouches
31
Q

Describe the early clinical signs of strangles

A
  • Depression, fever (2-3 days before shedding bacteria)
  • Mucoid nasal discharge
  • Slight cough
  • Anorexia / difficulty swallowing
  • Mild swelling pharyngeal / intermandibular area
32
Q

What action should you take if a horse presents with depression?

A
  • Monitor horses using daily temperature taking – if this goes up then isolate the horse.
  • Hopefully this removes the horse from the healthy population before they start shedding bacteria
33
Q

Describe the later signs of strangles

A
  • Purulent nasal discharge
  • Lymph node enlargement, abscess, and purulent discharge (7-28 days after infection) -> most common: Submandibular / retropharyngeal
  • Retropharyngeal LN swelling
  • Dyspnoea/dysphagia
  • If ruptures -> guttural pouch empyema
34
Q

What must be considered when looking at the ‘typical’ signs of strangles?

A

Not all horses will appear with the classical abscess.
They may just have mild respiratory signs.
This depends on factors such as: immunity of the horse, initial infectious dose, strain of the pathogen

35
Q

Name the condition that develops due to strangles infection

A

Guttural Pouch Chondroids

36
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of guttural pouch chondrosis

A

Chronic guttural pouch empyema -> Chondroids
Removed via breaking up & flushing, or surgery

37
Q

List the main complications of a strangles infection

A
  • Cellulitis and local tissue damage
  • Pneumonia and abscessation
  • Immune mediated myositis / myocarditis
  • Purpura haemorrhagica
38
Q

What is Purpura haemorrhagica?

A

Vasculitis
Type III hypersensitivity
Serum / blood leakage

39
Q

What is the main complication of bastard strangles?

A

Metastatic abscesses

40
Q

How is strangles diagnosed?

A

PCR (+/- culture) from:
- Nasopharyngeal swabs / lavage
- Guttural pouch washes/aspirates
- Aspirate from abscess
Serology: ELISA for antibodies – tests for exposure only
Characteristic clinical signs

41
Q

Describe how you can confirm a horse is free from a strangles infection (2 methods)

A
  1. Nasal Swabs – 3 negative swabs 1 / week for 3 weeks (85% sure of no infection)
  2. Guttural Pouch Wash –1 negative to be 88% sure that the horse is free of infection
42
Q

How is strangles treated?

A
  • Symptomatic pain relief (NSAID’s): to help appetite and reduce swelling
  • Soft, wet feed
  • Hot pack –helps to mature the abscess
  • Flush abscesses once draining
  • A tracheostomy is necessary in horses with respiratory distress
43
Q

Should antibiotics be used in strangles cases?

A

Antibiotics controversial!
- Do not use ABs when lymphadenopathy present: inhibits maturation of abscess.
- If monitoring in outbreak: At onset of pyrexia, give penicillin for 5-7 days
- No evidence that antibiotics influence development of Bastard Strangles

44
Q

Should antibiotics be used in strangles cases?

A

Antibiotics controversial!
- Do not use ABs when lymphadenopathy present: inhibits maturation of abscess.
- If monitoring in outbreak: At onset of pyrexia, give penicillin for 5-7 days
- No evidence that antibiotics influence development of Bastard Strangles

45
Q

Describe how to manage an outbreak of strangles at a yard

A
  • Shedding can continue for 2-6 weeks after end of nasal discharge (can be longer)
  • Biosecurity
  • No movement on/off
  • Identify ‘carriers’
  • Identify persistently infected horses (~10%)
46
Q

How is strangles prevented?

A
  • Quarantine new animals for 3 weeks
  • Use ELISA to detect exposure
  • Vaccination: immunity for 3 months
  • After recovery from natural infection 75% have long term immunity
47
Q

What is inflammatory airway disease in horses?

A

A non-septic inflammation of the lower airways

48
Q

Inflammatory airway disease is often seen in which horses?

A

Common in young/new racehorses

49
Q

List the risk factors for equine inflammatory airway disease

A
  • Co-mingling: just brought in to racing training and exposed to other horses and the environment
  • Exercise: strenuous exercise decreases immune function
  • Inhalation of dust
  • Inhalation of cold, unconditioned air
  • Transport
  • EIPH
  • Age: younger horses most at risk
  • Stable environment: esp. poor ventilation and bedding

Y4 EQ - Cardio-Respiratory (6 decks)

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