Lower Respiratory (confined to thoracic cavity) Flashcards
1
Q
Bronchial anatomy
A
- primary bronchi (2)
- secondary or lobar bronchi (5)
- tertiary bronchi
- ciliated columnar epithelium; few cartilage discs surrounded by smooth muscle - terminal bronchioles:
- simple cuboidal epithelium; cartilage replaced by smooth muscle - respiratory bronchioles ( .4mm diameter):
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- no cilia or goblet cells - alveoli ( .25 mm diameter):
- simple squamous epithelium only
- surrounded by a capillary network for exchange of gases and nutrients.
2
Q
pulmonary anatomy
A
-Lungs protected and lubricated by pleurae
3
Q
Breathing mechanics
A
- Inspiration:
- contraction (lowering) of the diaphragm
- thoracic expansion–> lowered intrathoracic pressure–> atmospheric air drawn in via airways
- synergistic muscles: external intercostals and sternocleidomastoids - Expiration:
- relaxation (raising) of the diaphragm
- thoracic shrinkage–> intrathoracic pressure raised–> air forced out through upper airways
- synergistic muscles: internal intercostals and abdominal group
4
Q
impairment of alveolar function
A
- Pneumonia: fluid and WBC infiltration into alveoli
- Emphysema: consolidation of alveoli + lost elasticity
- Tuberculosis: bacterial infection causing fibrosis of lung tissue
- Respiratory distress syndrome: collapse of alveoli at birth due to low surfactant
5
Q
impairment of other respiratory structures
A
- Asthma: allergic constriction of the bronchioles
- pleuritis (pleurisy): inflammation of the pluera
- Pneumothorax: airway into the chest cavity
6
Q
impairment of pulmonary circulation
A
- pulmonary edema (swelling): fluid accumulation in alveoli due to weak left ventricle and high pulmonary blood pressure. (congestive heart failure)