Lower Respiratory Bacterial diseases Flashcards
1
Q
the Upper respiratory system usually has a lot of what?
A
Many normal microbiota
2
Q
The normal microbiota may become what type of pathogens?
A
opportunistic
3
Q
the Lower respiratory system is what type of environment?
A
Axenic
4
Q
Bacterial infections of the Lower respiratory system can cause what?
A
Can cause life threatening illness
5
Q
Strep throat causes the pharynx to appear red, swell the lymph nodes and cover the tonsils in what?
A
Purulent abscesses covering the tonsils (PUS POCKET)
6
Q
Many cases of Strep throat can process into what?
A
scarlet or rheumatic fever/heart disease
7
Q
Strep throat is caused by what pathogen
A
Streptococcus pyogenes
8
Q
Strep throat can be spread via what?
A
respiratory droplets
9
Q
Strep throat is most common in children in what age range?
A
5-15
10
Q
how would one go about treating strep throat
A
antibiotics recommended to prevent developing Rheumatic Fever/heart disease
11
Q
Scarlet fever is also known as what?
A
scarletina
12
Q
scarlet fever can develop 1-2 days after what?
A
strep throat
13
Q
what is the hallmark sign of scarlet fever?
A
the tongue becomes strawberry red
14
Q
Scarlet fever often accompanies what?
A
strep throat when infections involve strain of S. pyogenes
15
Q
Signs of diphtheria are sore throat, localized pain, fever and what adhering to posterior throat structures?
A
the pseudomembrane
16
Q
In severe cases of diphtheria the pseudomembrane can do what?
A
occlude the airway, resulting in death by suffocation
17
Q
Diphtheria is caused by what pathogen
A
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
18
Q
Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces what?
A
diphtheria toxin
19
Q
Corynebacterium diphtheriae divides by snapping fission, forming what?
A
characteristic palisade arrangement
20
Q
Diphtheria is spread via what?
A
respiratory droplets or skin contact
21
Q
Diphtheria is mainly symptomatic in which type of individuals?
A
immunocompromised or non immune individuals
22
Q
Diphtheria is based on the presence of what?
A
a pseudomembrane
23
Q
How does one treat diphtheria
A
with antitoxin and antibiotics
24
Q
in severe cases of diphtheria blocked airways must be opened how?
A
surgically or bypassed with tracheotomy
25
what is an effective prevention for diphtheria?
immunization
26
Sinusitis causes what?
pain and pressure of the affected sinus
27
otitis media results in severe what?
pain in the ears
28
what is the most common pathogen to cause Otitis media?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
29
what are some pathogens that can cause sinusitis and otitis media
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae b, staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pyogenes
30
In sinusitis and otitis media bacteria in the pharynx spreads to the sinuses via what structure?
throat
31
Out of Sinusitis and otitis media, which one is more common in adult and more common in children?
Sinusitis MC in adults
| Otitis media MC in children
32
what are two ways of preventing sinusitis?
Neti Pots and avoiding dairy
33
can adjusting be a good treatment for sinusitis and Otitis media?
yes
34
What is the most common cause of the common cold?
Rhinovirus
35
what is the second most common cause of the common cold?
Coronaviruses
36
what else is common for the common cold cause?
adenovirus
37
The rhinovirus is highly what?
infective
38
the common cold can be spread by what?
coughing/sneezing, fomites, or person to person contact
39
what is a good way to prevent the common cold?
hand washing
40
What type of pneumonia is the most severe and most frequent in adults?
Bacterial pneumonias
41
Pneumococcal pneumonia is also known as what
typical pneumonia
42
what is the hallmark sign of pneumococcal pneumonia
rust-colored sputum
43
pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by what?
streptococcus pneumoniae
44
pneumococcal pneumonia infection occurs by inhalation of what?
inhalation of bacteria
45
what is it called when bacterial replication causes damage to the lungs and is a key symptom of pneumococcal pneumonia?
consolidation
46
what is the usual method of diagnosis when testing for pneumococcal pneumonia?
a chest xray
47
mycoplasmal pneumonia is also known as what?
Primary Atypical pneumonia or “walking pneumonia"
48
Mycoplasmal pneumonia is typically mild, possibly what?
asymptomatic
49
In mycoplasmal pneumonia the bacteria spread by what?
nasal secretions
50
Mycoplasmal pneumonia is caused by what pathogen
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
51
Typical (pneumococcal) pneumonia often has what associated with it? (symptom wise)
High fever, rapid breathing and will more often be in fall and winter
52
atypical (mycoplasmal) pneumonia often has what associated with it? (symptom wise)
Malaise, headache, sore throat and occurs year round
53
Klebsiella pneumonia is caused by what pathogen
Klebsiella pneumoniae
54
Klebsiella pneumonia has a hallmark symptom of what?
bloody sputum (“currant jelly sputum”)
55
Who are at the greatest risk for klebsiella pneumonia?
immunocompromised individuals because it is an opportunistic infections
56
What is dr. Barbers favorite disease?
ornithosis
57
ornithosis is also known as what?
psittacosis
58
within ten day of being infected with ornithosis individuals get what?
flu-like symptoms
59
what is the pathogen that causes ornithosis
Chlamydophila psittaci
60
how is ornithosis transmitted?
via inhalation of aerosolized feces or respiratory secretions, or ingestion from fingers or fomites that have contacted infected birds or via direct beak-to-mouth contact
61
Most cases of Legionnaires disease is caused by what pathogen
legionella pneumophila
62
legionella pneumophilia can also cause what?
Pontiac
63
Pontiac disease has what type of symptoms to it?
non fatal flu like illness
64
how does one become infected with legionnaires disease?
inhalation of bacteria in aerosols from water source
65
what type of individuals are at risk for legionnaires disease?
Elderly, smokers and immunocompromised individuals
66
Is tuberculosis a re-emerging or emerging disease?
it is a re-emerging disease
67
Tuberculosis is caused by what pathogen?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
68
Tuberculosis usually affects what population
usually children
69
Tuberculosis forms hard calcified nodules in the lungs known as what?
Tubercles
70
What is it known as if you have calcified nodules in the lungs AND calcification of an associated Lymph nodule
Ghons complex
71
Tuberculosis causes caseous necrosis of the lungss meaning what?
lung tissue appears "cheese-like"
72
Secondary tuberculosis is common in TB infected individual with what?
a compromised immuse system
73
Disseminated TB causes wasting of the body from multiple sites and has the name of what?
Consumption
74
TB is spread via what?
Respiratory droplets
75
Why are immunocompromised individuals infected with TB at a high risk?
TB is the leading killer of HIV+ individuals
76
why is TB considered a re-emerging disease?
due to drug resistant strains it is making a come back (DMR, XMR)
77
What are some ways to test for TB?
Skin test and a chest xray in an activley infected individual
78
What is the method for treating TB since common antibiotics are ineffective against the disease?
Combination therapy
79
what is a good way to prevent the spread of TB?
immunization in areas that it is common
80
Pertussis is also known as what?
Whooping cough
81
pertussis will commonly go through how man phases?
four phases
82
The pathogen that causes pertussis is what?
Bordetella pertussis
83
what are the four stages of pertussis?
incubation, Catarrhal, peroxysmal, convalescent
84
during which of the four stages does the hallmark whooping cough of pertussis develop?
peroxysmal phase
85
is pertussis contagious? if so how does it spread
highly contagious and spreads via airborne droplets
86
Mose cases of pertussis is in what population
MC in children
87
is pertussis a reemerging, emerging or none of these?
reemerging
88
what is a good diagnostic symptom of pertussis?
the whooping cough
89
what is the treatment of pertussis
primarily supportive
90
in epiglottitis what is the tripod postion?
when the individual that is infected with the disease has to lean forward and sit upright in order to breathe
91
Epiglottitis is MC in what population
children
92
epiglottitis is commonly spread how?
person to person, direct contact, and respiratory droplets
93
Is epiglottitis a medical emergency?
yes it is and required immediate medical attention
94
Inhalation anthrax ultimately leads to what
death
95
Is one mode of transmission for inhalation anthrax person to person
NOPE
96
how is inhalation anthrax transmitted
contact or inhalation of endospores
97
How frequently is a case of inhalation anthrax in humans
rare in humans
98
what is the mortality rate of inhalation anthrax
high mortality
99
what is the leading pathogen in influenza
influenza virus (orthomyxovirus)
100
each influenza virus has two special pieces of what
proteins
101
Mutation in influenza occurs via?
antigenic drift and antigenic shift
102
What is antigenic drift
small changes to the Ha and Na pieces
103
what is antigenic shift
they get a brand new Ha or Na pieces
104
Influenza is transmitted via
inhalation of viruses or by self-inoculation
105
flue patients are susceptible to what
secondary bacterial infections
106
complication in influenza most often occurs in what type of individual
elderly and children
107
antiviral medication for the influenza virus must be administered when
within first 48 hours
108
the Trivalent flu vaccine is protective against what?
only protective against the strains included in the vaccine
109
what are the five famous strains of the influenza virus
spanish, asian, hong kong flu, bird flu and Swine flu
110
spanish flu killed how many people
over 50 million
111
asian flu killed how many people
about 2 million people
112
hong kong flu killed how many people
about 1 million
113
the bird flu killed how many people
over 200 hundred of the 400 it was found in
114
swine flue killed how many people
killed more the 18000
115
about what percent of bronchitis is viral
about 90%
116
some of the viral cases of bronchitis include
rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, influenza
117
about what percent of the bronchitis cases are bacterial
10%
118
Bronchitis is transmitted via
person to person from direct and indirect contact
119
Treatment for acute bronchitis is
primarily symptomatic
120
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is caused by a previously unknown pathogen known as
coronavirus (sars virus)
121
SARS virus spreads via
respiratory droplets
122
What is the treatment and vaccine regiment for SARS
there is no treatment or vaccine vaccine
123
what is in place for treatment of sars
Supportive treatment only
124
retention of SARS is accomplished through what
quarantine
125
Is Bronchiolitis fatal
it can be
126
what are some symptoms of bronchiolitis
bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, rapid breathing,
127
what is recommended for bronchiolitis
seek emergency treatment
128
that is the pathogen related to bronchiolitis
RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus
129
Bronchiolitis is transmitted via
fomites, hands, and respiratory droplets
130
Most commonly bronchiolitis is a what type of disease
a childhood respiratory disease
131
for the treatment in young children it is supportive treatment including what
oxygen therapy
132
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is or is not fatal
it is often fatal
133
what is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome caused from
hantavirus
134
in HPS the pathogen is transmuted via
inhalation of visions in dried mouse urine or feces
135
is hantavirus able to spread person to person
no it is NOT
136
what is the specific treatment for HPS
there is no specific treatment
137
Croup is also known as what
“seal-bark” cough
138
Croup is caused by what pathogen
parainfluenza virus (75% of the cases)
139
Croups is particularly susceptible in who
children
140
croup is transmitted via
respiratory droplets and person to person contact
141
how is croup diagnosed
the characteristic cough
142
HHC-5 (cytomegalovirus) has why type of symptoms
monolike symptoms
143
what is the second most common cause of lower reparatory infection in young children after RSV
Human Metapneumovirus
144
human metapneumovirus is similar to what
RSV
