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Micro (FINAL) > Lower Respiratory Bacterial diseases > Flashcards

Lower Respiratory Bacterial diseases Flashcards

1
Q

the Upper respiratory system usually has a lot of what?

A

Many normal microbiota

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2
Q

The normal microbiota may become what type of pathogens?

A

opportunistic

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3
Q

the Lower respiratory system is what type of environment?

A

Axenic

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4
Q

Bacterial infections of the Lower respiratory system can cause what?

A

Can cause life threatening illness

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5
Q

Strep throat causes the pharynx to appear red, swell the lymph nodes and cover the tonsils in what?

A

Purulent abscesses covering the tonsils (PUS POCKET)

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6
Q

Many cases of Strep throat can process into what?

A

scarlet or rheumatic fever/heart disease

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7
Q

Strep throat is caused by what pathogen

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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8
Q

Strep throat can be spread via what?

A

respiratory droplets

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9
Q

Strep throat is most common in children in what age range?

A

5-15

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10
Q

how would one go about treating strep throat

A

antibiotics recommended to prevent developing Rheumatic Fever/heart disease

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11
Q

Scarlet fever is also known as what?

A

scarletina

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12
Q

scarlet fever can develop 1-2 days after what?

A

strep throat

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13
Q

what is the hallmark sign of scarlet fever?

A

the tongue becomes strawberry red

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14
Q

Scarlet fever often accompanies what?

A

strep throat when infections involve strain of S. pyogenes

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15
Q

Signs of diphtheria are sore throat, localized pain, fever and what adhering to posterior throat structures?

A

the pseudomembrane

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16
Q

In severe cases of diphtheria the pseudomembrane can do what?

A

occlude the airway, resulting in death by suffocation

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17
Q

Diphtheria is caused by what pathogen

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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18
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae produces what?

A

diphtheria toxin

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19
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae divides by snapping fission, forming what?

A

characteristic palisade arrangement

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20
Q

Diphtheria is spread via what?

A

respiratory droplets or skin contact

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21
Q

Diphtheria is mainly symptomatic in which type of individuals?

A

immunocompromised or non immune individuals

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22
Q

Diphtheria is based on the presence of what?

A

a pseudomembrane

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23
Q

How does one treat diphtheria

A

with antitoxin and antibiotics

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24
Q

in severe cases of diphtheria blocked airways must be opened how?

A

surgically or bypassed with tracheotomy

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25
Q

what is an effective prevention for diphtheria?

A

immunization

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26
Q

Sinusitis causes what?

A

pain and pressure of the affected sinus

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27
Q

otitis media results in severe what?

A

pain in the ears

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28
Q

what is the most common pathogen to cause Otitis media?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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29
Q

what are some pathogens that can cause sinusitis and otitis media

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae b, staphylococcus aureus, moraxella catarrhalis, streptococcus pyogenes

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30
Q

In sinusitis and otitis media bacteria in the pharynx spreads to the sinuses via what structure?

A

throat

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31
Q

Out of Sinusitis and otitis media, which one is more common in adult and more common in children?

A

Sinusitis MC in adults

Otitis media MC in children

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32
Q

what are two ways of preventing sinusitis?

A

Neti Pots and avoiding dairy

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33
Q

can adjusting be a good treatment for sinusitis and Otitis media?

A

yes

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34
Q

What is the most common cause of the common cold?

A

Rhinovirus

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35
Q

what is the second most common cause of the common cold?

A

Coronaviruses

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36
Q

what else is common for the common cold cause?

A

adenovirus

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37
Q

The rhinovirus is highly what?

A

infective

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38
Q

the common cold can be spread by what?

A

coughing/sneezing, fomites, or person to person contact

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39
Q

what is a good way to prevent the common cold?

A

hand washing

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40
Q

What type of pneumonia is the most severe and most frequent in adults?

A

Bacterial pneumonias

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41
Q

Pneumococcal pneumonia is also known as what

A

typical pneumonia

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42
Q

what is the hallmark sign of pneumococcal pneumonia

A

rust-colored sputum

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43
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia is caused by what?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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44
Q

pneumococcal pneumonia infection occurs by inhalation of what?

A

inhalation of bacteria

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45
Q

what is it called when bacterial replication causes damage to the lungs and is a key symptom of pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

consolidation

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46
Q

what is the usual method of diagnosis when testing for pneumococcal pneumonia?

A

a chest xray

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47
Q

mycoplasmal pneumonia is also known as what?

A

Primary Atypical pneumonia or “walking pneumonia”

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48
Q

Mycoplasmal pneumonia is typically mild, possibly what?

A

asymptomatic

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49
Q

In mycoplasmal pneumonia the bacteria spread by what?

A

nasal secretions

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50
Q

Mycoplasmal pneumonia is caused by what pathogen

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

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51
Q

Typical (pneumococcal) pneumonia often has what associated with it? (symptom wise)

A

High fever, rapid breathing and will more often be in fall and winter

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52
Q

atypical (mycoplasmal) pneumonia often has what associated with it? (symptom wise)

A

Malaise, headache, sore throat and occurs year round

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53
Q

Klebsiella pneumonia is caused by what pathogen

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae

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54
Q

Klebsiella pneumonia has a hallmark symptom of what?

A

bloody sputum (“currant jelly sputum”)

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55
Q

Who are at the greatest risk for klebsiella pneumonia?

A

immunocompromised individuals because it is an opportunistic infections

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56
Q

What is dr. Barbers favorite disease?

A

ornithosis

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57
Q

ornithosis is also known as what?

A

psittacosis

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58
Q

within ten day of being infected with ornithosis individuals get what?

A

flu-like symptoms

59
Q

what is the pathogen that causes ornithosis

A

Chlamydophila psittaci

60
Q

how is ornithosis transmitted?

A

via inhalation of aerosolized feces or respiratory secretions, or ingestion from fingers or fomites that have contacted infected birds or via direct beak-to-mouth contact

61
Q

Most cases of Legionnaires disease is caused by what pathogen

A

legionella pneumophila

62
Q

legionella pneumophilia can also cause what?

A

Pontiac

63
Q

Pontiac disease has what type of symptoms to it?

A

non fatal flu like illness

64
Q

how does one become infected with legionnaires disease?

A

inhalation of bacteria in aerosols from water source

65
Q

what type of individuals are at risk for legionnaires disease?

A

Elderly, smokers and immunocompromised individuals

66
Q

Is tuberculosis a re-emerging or emerging disease?

A

it is a re-emerging disease

67
Q

Tuberculosis is caused by what pathogen?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

68
Q

Tuberculosis usually affects what population

A

usually children

69
Q

Tuberculosis forms hard calcified nodules in the lungs known as what?

A

Tubercles

70
Q

What is it known as if you have calcified nodules in the lungs AND calcification of an associated Lymph nodule

A

Ghons complex

71
Q

Tuberculosis causes caseous necrosis of the lungss meaning what?

A

lung tissue appears “cheese-like”

72
Q

Secondary tuberculosis is common in TB infected individual with what?

A

a compromised immuse system

73
Q

Disseminated TB causes wasting of the body from multiple sites and has the name of what?

A

Consumption

74
Q

TB is spread via what?

A

Respiratory droplets

75
Q

Why are immunocompromised individuals infected with TB at a high risk?

A

TB is the leading killer of HIV+ individuals

76
Q

why is TB considered a re-emerging disease?

A

due to drug resistant strains it is making a come back (DMR, XMR)

77
Q

What are some ways to test for TB?

A

Skin test and a chest xray in an activley infected individual

78
Q

What is the method for treating TB since common antibiotics are ineffective against the disease?

A

Combination therapy

79
Q

what is a good way to prevent the spread of TB?

A

immunization in areas that it is common

80
Q

Pertussis is also known as what?

A

Whooping cough

81
Q

pertussis will commonly go through how man phases?

A

four phases

82
Q

The pathogen that causes pertussis is what?

A

Bordetella pertussis

83
Q

what are the four stages of pertussis?

A

incubation, Catarrhal, peroxysmal, convalescent

84
Q

during which of the four stages does the hallmark whooping cough of pertussis develop?

A

peroxysmal phase

85
Q

is pertussis contagious? if so how does it spread

A

highly contagious and spreads via airborne droplets

86
Q

Mose cases of pertussis is in what population

A

MC in children

87
Q

is pertussis a reemerging, emerging or none of these?

A

reemerging

88
Q

what is a good diagnostic symptom of pertussis?

A

the whooping cough

89
Q

what is the treatment of pertussis

A

primarily supportive

90
Q

in epiglottitis what is the tripod postion?

A

when the individual that is infected with the disease has to lean forward and sit upright in order to breathe

91
Q

Epiglottitis is MC in what population

A

children

92
Q

epiglottitis is commonly spread how?

A

person to person, direct contact, and respiratory droplets

93
Q

Is epiglottitis a medical emergency?

A

yes it is and required immediate medical attention

94
Q

Inhalation anthrax ultimately leads to what

A

death

95
Q

Is one mode of transmission for inhalation anthrax person to person

A

NOPE

96
Q

how is inhalation anthrax transmitted

A

contact or inhalation of endospores

97
Q

How frequently is a case of inhalation anthrax in humans

A

rare in humans

98
Q

what is the mortality rate of inhalation anthrax

A

high mortality

99
Q

what is the leading pathogen in influenza

A

influenza virus (orthomyxovirus)

100
Q

each influenza virus has two special pieces of what

A

proteins

101
Q

Mutation in influenza occurs via?

A

antigenic drift and antigenic shift

102
Q

What is antigenic drift

A

small changes to the Ha and Na pieces

103
Q

what is antigenic shift

A

they get a brand new Ha or Na pieces

104
Q

Influenza is transmitted via

A

inhalation of viruses or by self-inoculation

105
Q

flue patients are susceptible to what

A

secondary bacterial infections

106
Q

complication in influenza most often occurs in what type of individual

A

elderly and children

107
Q

antiviral medication for the influenza virus must be administered when

A

within first 48 hours

108
Q

the Trivalent flu vaccine is protective against what?

A

only protective against the strains included in the vaccine

109
Q

what are the five famous strains of the influenza virus

A

spanish, asian, hong kong flu, bird flu and Swine flu

110
Q

spanish flu killed how many people

A

over 50 million

111
Q

asian flu killed how many people

A

about 2 million people

112
Q

hong kong flu killed how many people

A

about 1 million

113
Q

the bird flu killed how many people

A

over 200 hundred of the 400 it was found in

114
Q

swine flue killed how many people

A

killed more the 18000

115
Q

about what percent of bronchitis is viral

A

about 90%

116
Q

some of the viral cases of bronchitis include

A

rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, influenza

117
Q

about what percent of the bronchitis cases are bacterial

A

10%

118
Q

Bronchitis is transmitted via

A

person to person from direct and indirect contact

119
Q

Treatment for acute bronchitis is

A

primarily symptomatic

120
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is caused by a previously unknown pathogen known as

A

coronavirus (sars virus)

121
Q

SARS virus spreads via

A

respiratory droplets

122
Q

What is the treatment and vaccine regiment for SARS

A

there is no treatment or vaccine vaccine

123
Q

what is in place for treatment of sars

A

Supportive treatment only

124
Q

retention of SARS is accomplished through what

A

quarantine

125
Q

Is Bronchiolitis fatal

A

it can be

126
Q

what are some symptoms of bronchiolitis

A

bluish skin, intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, rapid breathing,

127
Q

what is recommended for bronchiolitis

A

seek emergency treatment

128
Q

that is the pathogen related to bronchiolitis

A

RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus

129
Q

Bronchiolitis is transmitted via

A

fomites, hands, and respiratory droplets

130
Q

Most commonly bronchiolitis is a what type of disease

A

a childhood respiratory disease

131
Q

for the treatment in young children it is supportive treatment including what

A

oxygen therapy

132
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) is or is not fatal

A

it is often fatal

133
Q

what is Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome caused from

A

hantavirus

134
Q

in HPS the pathogen is transmuted via

A

inhalation of visions in dried mouse urine or feces

135
Q

is hantavirus able to spread person to person

A

no it is NOT

136
Q

what is the specific treatment for HPS

A

there is no specific treatment

137
Q

Croup is also known as what

A

“seal-bark” cough

138
Q

Croup is caused by what pathogen

A

parainfluenza virus (75% of the cases)

139
Q

Croups is particularly susceptible in who

A

children

140
Q

croup is transmitted via

A

respiratory droplets and person to person contact

141
Q

how is croup diagnosed

A

the characteristic cough

142
Q

HHC-5 (cytomegalovirus) has why type of symptoms

A

monolike symptoms

143
Q

what is the second most common cause of lower reparatory infection in young children after RSV

A

Human Metapneumovirus

144
Q

human metapneumovirus is similar to what

A

RSV

Micro (FINAL) (8 decks)

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