Lower Limbs Flashcards
Gluteus Minimus
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: superior gluteal nerve
Function: medial rotation of the thigh/hip joint, abduction of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of thigh/hip joint
Gluteus Medius
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: superior gluteal nerve
Function: medial rotation of the thigh/hip joint, abduction of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of thigh/hip joint
Tensor Fascia Lata
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: superior gluteal nerve
Function: medial rotation of the thigh/hip joint, abduction of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of thigh/hip joint
Gluteus Maximus
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: inferior gluteal nerve
Function: lateral rotation of the thigh/hip joint, extension of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of thigh/hip joint
Obturator Internus
Origin: obturator foramen
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: N to obturator internus (passes through the lesser sciatic foramen)
Function: lateral rotation of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of the thigh/hip joint
Obturator Externus
Origin: obturator foramen
Insertion: proximal femur (behind anatomical neck of femur)
Nerve: obturator nerve
Function: lateral rotation of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of the thigh/hip joint
Superior Gemellus
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: N to the obturator internus
Function: lateral rotation of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of the thigh/hip joint
Inferior Gemellus
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: N to Quadratus Femoris
Function: lateral rotation of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of the thigh/hip joint
Quadratus Femoris
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: N to Quadratus Femoris
Function: lateral rotation of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of the thigh/hip joint
Piriformis
Origin: anterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur (head and neck of femur)
Nerve: N to piriformis (passes through greater sciatic foramen)
Function: lateral rotation of the thigh/hip joint
Where is it?: posterior muscle of the thigh/hip joint
Where do insertions at the proximal femur occur?
Occur at the greater trochanter of the femur or lower
What are the 6 lateral rotators?
Obturator internus, obturator externus, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, piriformis, Quadratus Femoris
The Knee Joint
- Tibiofemoral joint (3 bones: femur, tibia and the patella)
- Hinge synovial joint
- Fibrocartilaginous rings/menisci: medial meniscus –> semicircular, lateral miniscus –> almost a complete ring
- responsible for shock absorbing, improving congruency and contact area
- allows for the flexion and extension of the leg (at the knee)
Ligaments of the Knee
1) Medial collateral ligament (MCL)
- connects the femur to the tibia
- resists valgus forces
- broad fan shaped ligament
2) Lateral collateral ligament (LCL)
- connects the femur to the fibula
- resists varus forces
3) Posterior cruciate ligament
- starts at the posterior intercondylar tibia
- attaches to the inner aspect of the medial condyle
- prevents posterior translation of the tibia on the femur
4) Anterior cruciate ligament
- starts at the anterior tibia
- attaches to the inner portion of the lateral condyle
- prevents anterior translation of the tibia on the femur
Sartorius
Origin: anterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: femoral nerve
Function: FABER: flexion, abduction, external/lateral rotation at the thigh/hip, weak flexion at the knee
Where is it?: anterior portion of the thigh
Iliopsoas
Origin: anterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: femoral nerve
Function: flexes the thigh at the hip
Where is it?: anterior portion of the thigh
Rectus femoris
Origin: anterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal femur
Nerve: femoral nerve
Function: flexing the thigh at the hip, extending the leg at the knee joint
Where is it?: anterior portion of the thigh, makes part of the quadriceps
Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus lateralis
Origin: majority of the femur (relative origins)
Insertion: proximal tibia
Nerve: femoral nerve
Function: extend the leg at the knee joint
Where is it?: anterior portion of the thigh, make up the quadriceps
Semitendinosus
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal tibia
Nerve: sciatic nerve
Function: extend the thigh at the hip, flex the leg at the knee
Where is it?: posterior portion of the thigh, make up the hamstrings
Semimembranosus
Origin: posterior pelvis
Insertion: proximal tibia
Nerve: sciatic nerve
Function: extend the thigh at the hip, flex the leg at the knee
Where is it?: posterior portion of the thigh, make up the hamstrings
Biceps femoris
- short head (deeper)
- long head (superficial)
Origin: mid-femur (short), posterior pelvis (long)
Insertion: fibula
Nerve: sciatic nerve
Function: extend the thigh at the hip, flex the leg at the knee
Where is it?: posterior portion of the thigh, make up the hamstrings
Pectineus
Origin: pubic ramus
Insertion: proximal-medial femur
Nerve: femoral nerve
Function: flexing and adducting the thigh
Where is it?: medial portion of the thigh
Adductor Brevis
Origin: pubic ramus
Insertion: proximal-medial femur
Nerve: obturator nerve
Function: adducting the thigh
Where is it?: medial portion of the thigh
Adductor Longus
Origin: pubic ramus
Insertion: proximal-medial femur
Nerve: obturator nerve
Function: adducting the thigh
Where is it?: medial portion of the thigh
Gracilis
Origin: pubic ramus
Insertion: medial tibia
Nerve: obturator nerve
Function: adducting the thigh (flex the knee?)
Where is it?: medial portion of the thigh
Adductor Magnus
- hamstring portion
- adductor portion
Origin: pubic ramus
Insertion: mid-femur (adductor portion), adductor tubercle (hamstring portion)
Nerve: sciatic nerve
Function: adduct the thigh (adductor portion), extend the thigh (hamstring portion)
Where is it?: medial portion of the thigh
Sciatic Branches
Sciatic nerve –> tibial nerve (posterior leg) & common fibular nerve –> passes around fibular head –> superficial fibular nerve (lateral leg) and deep fibular nerve (anterior leg)
Tibialis Posterior
Origin: posterior lower leg
Insertion: tarsals
Nerve:
Function: plantar flexion and inverting the foot
Where is it?: posterior leg (DEEP)
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Origin: posterior leg
Insertion: toes 2-5
Nerve:
Function: plantar flexion and flexing the toes
Where is it?: posterior leg (DEEP)
Flexor Hallicus Longus
Origin: posterior lower leg
Insertion: 1st toe
Nerve:
Function: plantar flexion and flexing the 1st toe
Where is it?: posterior leg (DEEP)
Describe Tom Dick ANd Harry
Tibularis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Posterior tibial Artery
Tibial Nerve
Flexor Hallicus Longus
Soleus
Origin: posterior tibia and fibula
Insertion: calcaneus
Nerve:
Function: plantar flexion at the ankle
Where is it?: posterior leg (superficial to the tibialis posterior)
Gastrocnemius & Plantaris
- gastrocnemius has a lateral and medial head
Origin: distal femur
Insertion: calcaneus
Nerve:
Function: plantar flexion at the ankle, flexion at the knee
Where is it?: posterior leg
Tibialis Anterior
Origin: anterior lower leg
Insertion: tarsals
Nerve:
Function: dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
Where is it?: anterior leg
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Origin: anterior leg
Insertion: 2-5th toe
Nerve:
Function: dorsiflexion and extension of the 2nd-5th toe
Where is it?: anterior leg
Extensor Hallicus Longus
Origin: anterior leg
Insertion: 1st toe
Nerve:
Function: dorsiflexion and extension of the 1st toe
Where is it?: anterior leg
Fibularis Longus
Origin: lateral lower leg
Insertion: foot
Nerve:
Function: everts foot and weak plantarflexion
Where is it?: lateral leg
Fibularis Brevis
Origin: anterior leg
Insertion: toes 2-5
Nerve:
Function: everts foot and weak plantarflexion
Where is it?: lateral leg
Ligaments of the lower leg
Tibiofibular: anterior and posterior
- in between the tibia and the fibula
- works to stabilize the inferior tibiofibular joint
Ligaments of the lateral leg
Lateral collateral ligaments
- Anterior talofibular ligament
- Posterior talofibular ligament
- Calcaneofibular ligament
- resist inversion
Ligaments of the medial ankle
Medial collateral ligaments/deltoid ligament
- resist eversion
Joints of the Ankle and Foot
- Talocrural Joint - true ankle joint
- responsible for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion - Subtalar Joint
- between calcaneus and talus
- responsible for inversion and eversion - Metatarsalphalangeal joints
- between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges
- flexion, extension, abduction and adduction (axis down 2nd toe) - Interphalangeal joints (proximal and distal)
- responsible for flexion and extension - Calcaneocuboid Joint - between calcaneous bone and cuboid bone
- Talonavicular Joint - between talus and navicular bone
*5 and 6 make the transverse tarsal joint
Which joints allow for inversion and eversion of the foot
Subtalar and the transverse tarsal joint
Hip Joint & Stability
- Articular cartilage that covers the lunate surface of the pelvis and the head of the femur
- Acetabular Labrum
- Transverse acetabular ligament (spans the acetabular notch)
- Ligament of the femoral head
Stability is due to:
- surrounding muscles
-intrinsic ligaments
- articular capsule
- deep socket
