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Anatomy - YR2 > Lower limbs 1 > Flashcards

Lower limbs 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hip bone also known as?

A

Innominate bone
Os Coxae
Coxal Bone
Perlvic Bone

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2
Q

What 3 bones make up the hip bone?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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3
Q

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

A

Sacrum + hip bones

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4
Q

What separates the 3 bones of the hip bone before they fuse?

A

Triradiate cartilage

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5
Q

When does the hip bone start to fuse?

A

15 years old

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6
Q

What is the socket of the hip joint called?

A

Acetabulum

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7
Q

Which of the tibia and fibula is a weight-bearing bone?

A

Tibia

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8
Q

What part of the foot is dorsum?

A

Upper surface of foot

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9
Q

What part of the foot is plantar?

A

Sole of the foot

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10
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Moving foot upwards

True extension of foot

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11
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Moving foot downwards

True flexion of foot

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12
Q

What is the anatomical name of the big toe?

A

Hallux

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13
Q

What are the 3 groups of bones in the foot?

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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14
Q

What bones make up the tarsals?

A 
Calcaneus
Talus
Cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms x 3
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15
Q

What is the calcaneus bone?

A

Heel bone

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16
Q

What small pair of bones are located on the plantar side of the foot?

A

Sesamoid bones

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17
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

A

Can take the weight of a person when person stands on their heels
Protects a very important tendon

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18
Q

What are the different arches in the foot?

A

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

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19
Q

What are the major joints of the lower limbs?

A 
Sacro-iliac
Pubic symphysis
Hip joint
Patello-femoral
Knee joint
Proximal tibiofibular joint
Distal tibiofibular joint
Ankle joint
Numerous joints in the foot
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20
Q

What kind of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?

A

Synovial joint, but limited mobility

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21
Q

What kind of joint is the pubic symphisis?

A

Fibrocartilaginous joint

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22
Q

What kind of joint is the hip joint?

A

Ball-and-socket synovial joint

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23
Q

What kind of joint is the patello-femoral joint?

A

Gliding synovial joint

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24
Q

What kind of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

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25
What kind of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?
Fibrous joint
26
What kind of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
Plane synovial joint
27
What kind of joints are the foot joints?
Mainly synovial
28
What are the different movements of the hip joint?
``` Adduction Abduction Flexion Extension Lateral rotation Medial rotation ```
29
What are the different parts of the acetabulum?
Acetabular fossa | Acetabular notch
30
What are the main 3 ligaments of the hip joint?
Ilio-femoral Pubo-femoral Ischio-femoral
31
What muscles are involved in hip flexion?
``` Ilio-psoas Sartorius Tensor fascia lata Rectus femoris Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor portion of adductor magnus Gracilis ```
32
What are the muscles involved in hip adduction?
``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Pectineus Obturator externus ```
33
What are the muscles involved in hip extension?
Hamstring muscles Posterior part of adductor magnus Gluteus maximus
34
What muscles are involved in hip abduction?
Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia lata
35
What are the muscles involved in hip extensor (lateral) rotation?
``` Obturator internus and obturator externus The Gemelli Piriformis Quadratus femoris Gluteus maximus ```
36
What are the muscles involved hip internal medial rotation?
Anterior portion of gluteus medius Anterior portion of gluteus minimus Tesnor fascia lata
37
What are the main ligaments of the knee joint?
``` ACL = anterior cruciate ligament PCL = posterior cruciate ligament MCL = medial (tibial) collateral ligament LCL = lateral (fibula) collateral ligament ```
38
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of a bursa
39
What are some of bursa of the knee?
40
What bones does the ankle joint involve?
Fibula Tibia Talus
41
What are the lateral ligaments of the ankel joint?
Anterior talofibular ligament Posterior talofibular ligament Calcaneofibular
42
What are the different parts of the medial ligament of the ankle joint?
Tibiocalconeal part Tibionavicular part Anterior tibiotalar part Posterior tibiotalar part
43
How easily injured is the medial/deltoid ligament?
Not commonly injured
44
How easily injured are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?
Very commonly and easily injured
45
What are the different muscle compartments of the lower limbs?
``` Gluteal Muscles Hip Flexors Anterior Thigh Muscles Medial Thigh Muscles Posterior Thigh Muscles Anterior Leg Muscles Lateral Leg Muscles ```
46
What covers the muscle group of the thigh?
Facia lata
47
What is the lateral band of thickened fascia that runs down the thighs?
Iliotibial tract
48
What are the muscle compartments of the trunk?
Gluteal muscles - hip extensors, abductors, and lateral rotators (buttock) Hip flexors - (pelvis/abdomen)
49
What are the muscle compartments of the thigh?
Anterior thigh muscles - knee extensors Medial thigh muscles - thigh adductors Posterior thigh muscles - knee flexors
50
What are the muscle compartments of the leg?
Anterior leg muscles - foot extensor (dorsiflexors) Lateral leg muscles - foot everters Posterior leg muscles - foot flexors (plantarflexors)
51
What are the gluteal muscles?
Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Tensor fascia lata
52
What are the short external (lateral) rotators of the hip?
Piriformis Obturator internus The gemelli (superior and inferior) Quadratus femoris
53
What do the gluteal muscles do?
Extensors, Abductors, External rotators of the hip
54
What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Origin : posterior gluteal line of ilium, dorsal surfaces of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament Insertion : iliotibial tract + gluteal tuberosity of the femur
55
What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus medius muscle?
Origin : external surface of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines Insertions : greater trochanter of femur
56
What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus minimus muscle?
Origin : External surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines Insertion : greater trochanter of the femur
57
What are the origins and insertions of the piriformis?
Origin : anterior surface of the 2nd 3rd and 4th sacral segments and sacrotuberous ligament Insertions : via a round tendon at the greater trochanter of the femur
58
What are the origins and insertions of the superior gemellus muscle?
Origin : spine of the ischium Insertions : both gemellus muscles blend together with the obturator internus to insert on the medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
59
What are the origins and insertions of the inferior gemellus muscle?
Origin : ischial tuberosity Insertions : both gemellus muscles blend together with the obturator internus to insert on the medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
60
What are the origins and insertions of the obturator internus?
Origin: pelvic aspect of obturator membrane + pelvic bones surrounding the obturator foramen Insertions : medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
61
What are the origins and insertions of the quadratus femoris muscle?
Origin : lateral border of ischial tuberosity | Insertions : quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of femur and inferior to it
62
What are the proximal anterior thigh muscles?
``` Iliacus Psoas major Psoas minor Pectineus Iliopsoas Sartorius ```
63
What are the origins and insertions of pectineus?
Origin : pecten of pubis bone | Insertions : pectineal line of the shaft of the femur
64
What are the origins and insertions of the sartorius muscle?
Origin : anterior superior iliac spine | Insertion : superior portion of the medial surface of tibial shaft
65
What are the quadricep muscles of the anterior thigh?
Rectus femoris (most superficial) Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius (deepest)
66
What are the origins and insertions of Vastus medialis?
Origin : Intertrochanteric line + medial lip of the linea aspera of femur + medial intermuscular septum Insertions : medial border of quadriceps tendon + medial side of patella ligament
67
What are the origins and insertions of Vastus Intermedius?
Origins : anterior + lateral parts of femoral shaft + lateral intermuscular septum Insertions : posterior surface of upper border of patella + parts of patella quadriceps tendon
68
What are the origins and insertions of the Vastus lateralis?
Origin : posterior aspect of femur + greater trochanter + lateral lip of linea aspera Insertions : lateral patella + quadriceps tendon
69
What are the origins and insertions of Rectus femoris?
Origins : arises from two separate heads, long head from AIIS and short head from ilium superior to acetabulum Insertions: forms a tendon that inserts into quadriceps tendon
70
What do the quadriceps muscles do?
Main extensors of the leg at knee joint
71
What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?
``` Adductor Longus Adductor Brevis Adductor Magnus Gracilis Obturator externus ```
72
What do the medial compartment muscles of the thigh do?
Adduction of leg
73
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Semitendinous Semimembranous Biceps femoris
74
What are the different muscle compartments of the legs?
Anterior (extensor) Lateral Posterior (flexor)
75
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial is anterior Extensor digitorum Extensor hallucis longus Peroneus tertius
76
What do the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg do?
Dorsiflexors - extensors of the foot
77
What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Peroneus longus | Peroneus brevis
78
What do the lateral muscles of the leg do?
Evertors of the foot at the intertarsal joints
79
What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris
80
What do the posterior muscles of the leg do?
Plantarflexion
81
What muscles converge to form the calcaneal tendon?
Gastrocnemius + soleus
82
What muscle do Gastrocnemius and Soleus converge to form?
Triceps Surae
83
What is another name for the calcaneal tendon?
Achilles tendon
84
What are the muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis posterior Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Popliteal
85
What are the origins and insertions of adductor longus?
Origin : body of pubic bone | Insertion : linea aspera of the femur
86
What are the origins and insertions of the adductor brevis?
Origin : body and inferior ramus of pubis | Insertion : pectineal line + proximal part of linea aspera of femur
87
What is the origin and insertion of the adductor Magnus?
Origin : inferior ramus of pubis + ramus of ischium + ischial tuberosity Insertion : gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, adductor tubercle of the femur
88
What are the origins and insertions of the obturator externus?
Origin : margins of obturator foramen + membrane | Insertion : go behind the neck of femur to insert on the intertrochanteric line
89
What are the origins and insertions of gracilis?
Origin : body + inferior ramus of the pubis | Insertion : medial aspect of the upper portion of tibia, below medial condyle
90
What are the origins and insertions of semitendinous?
Origin : Ischial tuberosity of pelvis | Insertion : medial surface of superior portion of tibia
91
What are the origins and insertions of semimembranous?
Origin : Ischial tuberosity | Insertion : medial condyle of tibia
92
What are the origins and insertions of the biceps femoris?
Origin of long head : Ischial tuberosity Origin of short head : linea aspera + supracondylar line of femur Insertion : lateral side of head of fibula
93
What are the origins and insertions of the fibularis / Peroneus longus?
Origin : head + upper 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula | Insertions : runs behind lateral maleolus and inserts on base of 1st metatarsal + medial cuneiform bone
94
What are the origins and insertions of fibularis / peroneus brevis?
Origin : distal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula | Insertions : run behind lateral malleolus and insert on tuberosity of lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
95
What are the origins and insertions of the tibialis anterior?
Origin : lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia + interosseous membrane Insertions : medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform + base 1st metatarsal
96
What are the origins and insertions of the extensor hallucis longus?
Origin : Middle portion of anterior surface of fibula + interosseous membrane Insertions : dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of big toe
97
What are the origins and insertions of extensor digitorum longus?
Origin : Lateral condyle of tibia + upper anterior surface of body of fibula + interosseous membrane Insertions : middle + distal phalanges of toes 2 to 5
98
What are the origins and insertions of gastrocnemius?
Origin of lateral head : Lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur Origin of medial head : Posterior part of medial condyle + popliteal surface of femur above medial condyle Insertions : joins calcaneal tendon to insert on posterior surface of calcaneus
99
What are the origins and insertions of the Soleus?
Origin : Posterior aspect of head of fibula, posterior 1/3 of posterior body of fibula, soleal line, medial border of tibia Insertions : joins the calcaneal tendon and inserts on posterior surface of calcaneus
100
What are the origins and insertions of plantaris?
Origins : Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur + oblique popliteal ligament Insertions : posterior part of calcaneus
101
What are the origin and insertions of Fibularis tertius?
Origin : distal anterior surface of fibula | Insertion : dorsal surface of metatarsal 5
102
What are the origins and insertions of the tibialis posterior?
Origin : posterior surface of tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane Insertion : Tuberosity of navicular bone, all cuneiform bones, cuboid bone, bases of metatarsal bones 2-4
103
What are the origins and insertions of flexor digitorum longus?
Origin : Posterior surface of tibia | Insertion : bases of distal phalanges 2-5
104
What are the origins and insertions of flexor hallucis longus?
Origin : distal 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula + interosseous membrane Insertion : plantar aspect of base of distal phalanx of big toe
105
What are the origin and insertions of popliteus?
Origin : groove for politeus muscle on lateral condyle of femur Insertion : posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line

Anatomy - YR2 (3 decks)

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