Lower limbs 1 Flashcards
What is the hip bone also known as?
Innominate bone
Os Coxae
Coxal Bone
Perlvic Bone
What 3 bones make up the hip bone?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum + hip bones
What separates the 3 bones of the hip bone before they fuse?
Triradiate cartilage
When does the hip bone start to fuse?
15 years old
What is the socket of the hip joint called?
Acetabulum
Which of the tibia and fibula is a weight-bearing bone?
Tibia
What part of the foot is dorsum?
Upper surface of foot
What part of the foot is plantar?
Sole of the foot
What is dorsiflexion?
Moving foot upwards
True extension of foot
What is plantarflexion?
Moving foot downwards
True flexion of foot
What is the anatomical name of the big toe?
Hallux
What are the 3 groups of bones in the foot?
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
What bones make up the tarsals?
Calcaneus Talus Cuboid Navicular Cuneiforms x 3
What is the calcaneus bone?
Heel bone
What small pair of bones are located on the plantar side of the foot?
Sesamoid bones
What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?
Can take the weight of a person when person stands on their heels
Protects a very important tendon
What are the different arches in the foot?
Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch
What are the major joints of the lower limbs?
Sacro-iliac Pubic symphysis Hip joint Patello-femoral Knee joint Proximal tibiofibular joint Distal tibiofibular joint Ankle joint Numerous joints in the foot
What kind of joint is the sacro-iliac joint?
Synovial joint, but limited mobility
What kind of joint is the pubic symphisis?
Fibrocartilaginous joint
What kind of joint is the hip joint?
Ball-and-socket synovial joint
What kind of joint is the patello-femoral joint?
Gliding synovial joint
What kind of joint is the knee joint?
Synovial hinge joint
What kind of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?
Fibrous joint
What kind of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
Plane synovial joint
What kind of joints are the foot joints?
Mainly synovial
What are the different movements of the hip joint?
Adduction Abduction Flexion Extension Lateral rotation Medial rotation
What are the different parts of the acetabulum?
Acetabular fossa
Acetabular notch
What are the main 3 ligaments of the hip joint?
Ilio-femoral
Pubo-femoral
Ischio-femoral
What muscles are involved in hip flexion?
Ilio-psoas Sartorius Tensor fascia lata Rectus femoris Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor portion of adductor magnus Gracilis
What are the muscles involved in hip adduction?
Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Pectineus Obturator externus
What are the muscles involved in hip extension?
Hamstring muscles
Posterior part of adductor magnus
Gluteus maximus
What muscles are involved in hip abduction?
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
What are the muscles involved in hip extensor (lateral) rotation?
Obturator internus and obturator externus The Gemelli Piriformis Quadratus femoris Gluteus maximus
What are the muscles involved hip internal medial rotation?
Anterior portion of gluteus medius
Anterior portion of gluteus minimus
Tesnor fascia lata
What are the main ligaments of the knee joint?
ACL = anterior cruciate ligament PCL = posterior cruciate ligament MCL = medial (tibial) collateral ligament LCL = lateral (fibula) collateral ligament
What is bursitis?
Inflammation of a bursa
What are some of bursa of the knee?
What bones does the ankle joint involve?
Fibula
Tibia
Talus
What are the lateral ligaments of the ankel joint?
Anterior talofibular ligament
Posterior talofibular ligament
Calcaneofibular
What are the different parts of the medial ligament of the ankle joint?
Tibiocalconeal part
Tibionavicular part
Anterior tibiotalar part
Posterior tibiotalar part
How easily injured is the medial/deltoid ligament?
Not commonly injured
How easily injured are the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint?
Very commonly and easily injured
What are the different muscle compartments of the lower limbs?
Gluteal Muscles Hip Flexors Anterior Thigh Muscles Medial Thigh Muscles Posterior Thigh Muscles Anterior Leg Muscles Lateral Leg Muscles
What covers the muscle group of the thigh?
Facia lata
What is the lateral band of thickened fascia that runs down the thighs?
Iliotibial tract
What are the muscle compartments of the trunk?
Gluteal muscles - hip extensors, abductors, and lateral rotators (buttock)
Hip flexors - (pelvis/abdomen)
What are the muscle compartments of the thigh?
Anterior thigh muscles - knee extensors
Medial thigh muscles - thigh adductors
Posterior thigh muscles - knee flexors
What are the muscle compartments of the leg?
Anterior leg muscles - foot extensor (dorsiflexors)
Lateral leg muscles - foot everters
Posterior leg muscles - foot flexors (plantarflexors)
What are the gluteal muscles?
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Tensor fascia lata
What are the short external (lateral) rotators of the hip?
Piriformis
Obturator internus
The gemelli (superior and inferior)
Quadratus femoris
What do the gluteal muscles do?
Extensors, Abductors, External rotators of the hip
What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus maximus muscle?
Origin : posterior gluteal line of ilium, dorsal surfaces of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion : iliotibial tract + gluteal tuberosity of the femur
What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus medius muscle?
Origin : external surface of the ilium between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines
Insertions : greater trochanter of femur
What are the origins and insertions of the gluteus minimus muscle?
Origin : External surface of the ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion : greater trochanter of the femur
What are the origins and insertions of the piriformis?
Origin : anterior surface of the 2nd 3rd and 4th sacral segments and sacrotuberous ligament
Insertions : via a round tendon at the greater trochanter of the femur
What are the origins and insertions of the superior gemellus muscle?
Origin : spine of the ischium
Insertions : both gemellus muscles blend together with the obturator internus to insert on the medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
What are the origins and insertions of the inferior gemellus muscle?
Origin : ischial tuberosity
Insertions : both gemellus muscles blend together with the obturator internus to insert on the medial aspect of greater trochanter of femur
What are the origins and insertions of the obturator internus?
Origin: pelvic aspect of obturator membrane + pelvic bones surrounding the obturator foramen
Insertions : medial surface of greater trochanter of femur
What are the origins and insertions of the quadratus femoris muscle?
Origin : lateral border of ischial tuberosity
Insertions : quadrate tubercle on the intertrochanteric crest of femur and inferior to it
What are the proximal anterior thigh muscles?
Iliacus Psoas major Psoas minor Pectineus Iliopsoas Sartorius
What are the origins and insertions of pectineus?
Origin : pecten of pubis bone
Insertions : pectineal line of the shaft of the femur
What are the origins and insertions of the sartorius muscle?
Origin : anterior superior iliac spine
Insertion : superior portion of the medial surface of tibial shaft
What are the quadricep muscles of the anterior thigh?
Rectus femoris (most superficial)
Vastus medialis
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius (deepest)
What are the origins and insertions of Vastus medialis?
Origin : Intertrochanteric line + medial lip of the linea aspera of femur + medial intermuscular septum
Insertions : medial border of quadriceps tendon + medial side of patella ligament
What are the origins and insertions of Vastus Intermedius?
Origins : anterior + lateral parts of femoral shaft + lateral intermuscular septum
Insertions : posterior surface of upper border of patella + parts of patella quadriceps tendon
What are the origins and insertions of the Vastus lateralis?
Origin : posterior aspect of femur + greater trochanter + lateral lip of linea aspera
Insertions : lateral patella + quadriceps tendon
What are the origins and insertions of Rectus femoris?
Origins : arises from two separate heads, long head from AIIS and short head from ilium superior to acetabulum
Insertions: forms a tendon that inserts into quadriceps tendon
What do the quadriceps muscles do?
Main extensors of the leg at knee joint
What muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?
Adductor Longus Adductor Brevis Adductor Magnus Gracilis Obturator externus
What do the medial compartment muscles of the thigh do?
Adduction of leg
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Semitendinous
Semimembranous
Biceps femoris
What are the different muscle compartments of the legs?
Anterior (extensor)
Lateral
Posterior (flexor)
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
Tibial is anterior
Extensor digitorum
Extensor hallucis longus
Peroneus tertius
What do the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg do?
Dorsiflexors - extensors of the foot
What are the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
What do the lateral muscles of the leg do?
Evertors of the foot at the intertarsal joints
What muscles are in the posterior compartment of the leg?
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
What do the posterior muscles of the leg do?
Plantarflexion
What muscles converge to form the calcaneal tendon?
Gastrocnemius + soleus
What muscle do Gastrocnemius and Soleus converge to form?
Triceps Surae
What is another name for the calcaneal tendon?
Achilles tendon
What are the muscles of the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg?
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Popliteal
What are the origins and insertions of adductor longus?
Origin : body of pubic bone
Insertion : linea aspera of the femur
What are the origins and insertions of the adductor brevis?
Origin : body and inferior ramus of pubis
Insertion : pectineal line + proximal part of linea aspera of femur
What is the origin and insertion of the adductor Magnus?
Origin : inferior ramus of pubis + ramus of ischium + ischial tuberosity
Insertion : gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, adductor tubercle of the femur
What are the origins and insertions of the obturator externus?
Origin : margins of obturator foramen + membrane
Insertion : go behind the neck of femur to insert on the intertrochanteric line
What are the origins and insertions of gracilis?
Origin : body + inferior ramus of the pubis
Insertion : medial aspect of the upper portion of tibia, below medial condyle
What are the origins and insertions of semitendinous?
Origin : Ischial tuberosity of pelvis
Insertion : medial surface of superior portion of tibia
What are the origins and insertions of semimembranous?
Origin : Ischial tuberosity
Insertion : medial condyle of tibia
What are the origins and insertions of the biceps femoris?
Origin of long head : Ischial tuberosity
Origin of short head : linea aspera + supracondylar line of femur
Insertion : lateral side of head of fibula
What are the origins and insertions of the fibularis / Peroneus longus?
Origin : head + upper 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
Insertions : runs behind lateral maleolus and inserts on base of 1st metatarsal + medial cuneiform bone
What are the origins and insertions of fibularis / peroneus brevis?
Origin : distal 2/3 of lateral surface of fibula
Insertions : run behind lateral malleolus and insert on tuberosity of lateral side of base of 5th metatarsal
What are the origins and insertions of the tibialis anterior?
Origin : lateral condyle and superior half of lateral surface of tibia + interosseous membrane
Insertions : medial and inferior surfaces of medial cuneiform + base 1st metatarsal
What are the origins and insertions of the extensor hallucis longus?
Origin : Middle portion of anterior surface of fibula + interosseous membrane
Insertions : dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of big toe
What are the origins and insertions of extensor digitorum longus?
Origin : Lateral condyle of tibia + upper anterior surface of body of fibula + interosseous membrane
Insertions : middle + distal phalanges of toes 2 to 5
What are the origins and insertions of gastrocnemius?
Origin of lateral head : Lateral aspect of lateral condyle of femur
Origin of medial head : Posterior part of medial condyle + popliteal surface of femur above medial condyle
Insertions : joins calcaneal tendon to insert on posterior surface of calcaneus
What are the origins and insertions of the Soleus?
Origin : Posterior aspect of head of fibula, posterior 1/3 of posterior body of fibula, soleal line, medial border of tibia
Insertions : joins the calcaneal tendon and inserts on posterior surface of calcaneus
What are the origins and insertions of plantaris?
Origins : Inferior end of lateral supracondylar line of femur + oblique popliteal ligament
Insertions : posterior part of calcaneus
What are the origin and insertions of Fibularis tertius?
Origin : distal anterior surface of fibula
Insertion : dorsal surface of metatarsal 5
What are the origins and insertions of the tibialis posterior?
Origin : posterior surface of tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane
Insertion : Tuberosity of navicular bone, all cuneiform bones, cuboid bone, bases of metatarsal bones 2-4
What are the origins and insertions of flexor digitorum longus?
Origin : Posterior surface of tibia
Insertion : bases of distal phalanges 2-5
What are the origins and insertions of flexor hallucis longus?
Origin : distal 2/3 of posterior surface of fibula + interosseous membrane
Insertion : plantar aspect of base of distal phalanx of big toe
What are the origin and insertions of popliteus?
Origin : groove for politeus muscle on lateral condyle of femur
Insertion : posterior surface of tibia, superior to soleal line
