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Clinical anatomy > Lower Limb II > Flashcards

Lower Limb II Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle attaches to the adductor tubercle?

A
  • adductor magnus
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2
Q

What is the adductor hiatus and which structures pass through it?

A
  • femoral artery
  • femoral vein
  • saphenous nerve
  • gap between adductor magnus and femur
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3
Q

Label this image

A
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4
Q

Label this with

  • Medial and Lateral Condyle
  • Intercondylar eminence
  • Medial and lateral Intercondylar Tubercle
  • Articular facet for the head of the fibula
  • Tibial tuberosity
  • Soleal line
  • Interosseous border
  • Medial malleolus
  • Fibular notch
  • Groove for tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons

Fibula :

  • Apex, Head and Neck
  • Interosseous border
  • Lateral malleolus
  • Malleolar fossa of lateral malleolus
  • Articular facet of lateral malleolus
A
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5
Q

Which structures attach to the Intercondylar eminence?

A
  • The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the menisci attach to the intercondylar area
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6
Q

Where do the patellar tendons insert?

A
  • tibial tuberosity
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7
Q

What attaches on the soleal line?

A
  • soleus muscle
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8
Q

What attaches to the linea aspera?

A
  • adductor magnus
  • vastus lateralis
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9
Q

Label this image

A
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10
Q

Where is the tibia most commonly fractured?

A
  • narrowest point
  • inferior 2/3
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11
Q

In which direction does the patella most commonly dislocate?

What factors help prevent dislocation?

A
  • outwardly
  • anterior projection on the lateral femoral condyle, lateral to the patellar groove preventing lateral dislocation of the patella
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12
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A
  • synovial hinge joint
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13
Q

What movements occur at the knee joint?

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • lateral rotation
  • medial rotation
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14
Q

What muscles flex the knee?

A
  • hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus.
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15
Q

Which muscles extend the knee?

A
  • quadriceps femoris
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16
Q

Which muscle laterally rotates the knee?

A
  • biceps femoris
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17
Q

Which muscles medially rotate the knee?

A
  • semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, sartorius and popliteus.
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18
Q

Where does the iliotibial tract continue from?

A
  • thickening of the fasciae latae
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19
Q

What actions does the iliotibial tract produce?

A
  • helps to extend, abduct, and rotate your hip
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20
Q

what is the importance of the iliotibial tract in the knee joint?

A
  • provides lateral stabilisation to the knee joint
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21
Q

Why is the patellar tendon also called the patellar ligament?

A
  • The patellar tendon is also called the patellar ligament because it connects the patella to the tibia
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22
Q

Where does the great saphenous vein run and where does it drain?

A
  • from the medial part of the dorsal venous arch of the foot all the way up to drain into the femoral vein at the saphenous opening
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23
Q

What does the short saphenous vein drain and where does it drain into?

A
  • Drains the lateral side of the foot and it drains into the popliteal vein
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24
Q

What is the crural fascia?

A
  • continuation of the fasciae latae
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25
Q

What is the crural fascia pierced by?

A
  • the short saphenous vein
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26
Q

Label this image

A
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27
Q

What are the compartments of the leg?

A
  • anterior
  • posterior
  • lateral
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28
Q

What types of muscles are contained in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • dorsiflexors of the ankle/extensors of the toes
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29
Q

What types of muscles are contained in the posterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • posterior flexors
  • flexors of the toes
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30
Q

What is the action of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg?

A
  • evertors of the foot
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31
Q

Label this image

A
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32
Q

What are the 4 muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • peroneus tertis
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33
Q

What nerve are the muscles in the anterior compartment supplied by?

A
  • deep peroneal nerve
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34
Q

What 2 compartments does the peroneus tertius span?

A
  • partly in the lateral
  • partly in the anterior
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35
Q

Label this image

A

1) gastrocnemius
2) soleus
3) tendo calcaneus

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36
Q

What 2 muscles converge onto the achilles tendon?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
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37
Q

What are the gastrocnemius and the soleus referred to as collectively?

A
  • triceps surae
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38
Q

What is the nerve supply to the deep layer of the posterior compartment?

A
  • tibial nerve
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39
Q

Label this image

A
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40
Q

Where do the deep tendons of the deep layer of the posterior compartment pass?

A
  • under the medial malleolus
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41
Q

Where do the tendons of the lateral compartment pass?

A
  • under the lateral malleolus
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42
Q

What is the nerve supply to the lateral compartment?

A
  • superficial peroneal nerve
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43
Q

What is the muscle that is not supplied by the superficial peroneal nerve in the lateral compartment?

A
  • peroneus tertius
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44
Q

Label this image

A
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45
Q

Name all the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  • superficial : gastrocnemius + soleus
  • deep : plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
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46
Q

What does the common peroneal nerve divide into?

A
  • deep and superficial branches
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47
Q

What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • superior : hamstrings
  • inferior : gastrocnemius
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48
Q

What 4 structures does the popliteal fossa contain?

A
  • the tibial nerve
  • common peroneal
  • popliteal artery
  • popliteal vein
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49
Q

What does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into at the popliteal fossa?

A
  • tibial nerve and common peroneal
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50
Q

Where does the common peroneal nerve wind around?

A
  • head of the fibula
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51
Q

What does the adductor hiatus contain?

A
  • popliteal vein and artery
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52
Q

Label this image

A
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53
Q

Where do the tibial nerve and popliteal artery go?

A
  • pass down through the popliteal fossa, they pierce an opening in the soleus muscle
  • continue between the superficial and deep layers of the muscles
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54
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery divide into?

A
  • lateral peroneal branch
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55
Q

What are the 5 structures that pass from the posterior compartment into the plantar region of the foot?

A
  • Tibialis posterior
  • Flexor digitorum longus
  • Artery
  • Nerve
  • Flexor hallucis longus
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56
Q

Label this image

A
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57
Q

What nerve supplies the lateral compartment?

A
  • superficial peroneal nerve
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58
Q

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment?

A
  • deep peroneal nerve
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59
Q

Which nerve when damaged leads to foot drop?

A
  • deep peroneal nerve
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60
Q

Where do the anterior peroneal artery and vein run?

A
  • on the interosseous membrane
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61
Q

When does the anterior tibial artery change its name and what name is this?

A
  • when anterior tibial artery passes onto the dorsum of the foot it is called the dorsalis pedis
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62
Q

Label this image

A
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63
Q

What is a bursa?

A
  • sac of synovial fluid associated with a joint
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64
Q

What are the function of bursae?

A
  • prevent friction when soft tissue (e.g tendon) rubs against bone
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65
Q

How many bursae are associated with the knee?

A
  • 12
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66
Q

Label this image

A
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67
Q

Label this image

A
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68
Q

Where does the lateral collateral ligament of the knee pass?

A
  • between the distal femur and the head of the fibula and on the medial side the medial collateral ligament
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69
Q

What acts as a shock absorber for the tibial condyles?

A
  • medial and lateral meniscus which act as a shock absorber
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70
Q

What is the medial collateral ligament attached to?

A
  • medial meniscus
71
Q

What is the function of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments?

A
  • prevent the joint from opening out at either side
72
Q

What is the function of the cruciate ligament?

A
  • prevent the femur sliding backwards and forwards on the tibia
73
Q

Where does the tendon of the popliteus pass?

A
  • between the lateral collateral ligament and the lateral condyle of the femur
74
Q

What does the meniscofemoral ligament do?

A
  • anchors the lateral meniscus
75
Q

What movement of the tibia does the anterior cruciate ligament resist?

A
  • prevents the tibia moving forward
76
Q

How do you test for a torn ACL?

A
  • flex the knee and try to draw the tibia forward
77
Q

Which movement of the tibia does the posterior cruciate ligament resist?

A
  • resist excessive posterior translation of the tibia
78
Q

What is the role of the menisci in the knee joint?

A
  • reduce friction during movement
79
Q

Why are tears of the medial meniscus more common than tears of the lateral meniscus?

A
  • medial meniscus is more commonly injured because it is firmly attached to the medial collateral ligament and joint capsule
80
Q

Which ligaments act to limit extension of the knee?

A
  • ACL
81
Q

Which ligament acts to prevent excessive abduction and adduction of the knee?

A
  • PCL
82
Q

Where does the popliteus tendon pass ?

A
  • under the lateral collateral ligament
83
Q

How can the knee joint remain in extension without using the muscles?

A
  • The femur medially rotates as the joint settles into full extension, this tightens the ligaments so the joint can remain in extension without using the muscles
84
Q

How does locking the knee work?

A
  • mechanical process brought about by the differences in the shape of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur
85
Q

How does unlocking the knee occur?

A
  • popliteus muscle unlocks the knee and rotates it laterally to flex the knee
86
Q

What is the third arrow pointing to?

A
  • popliteus muscle
87
Q

What is the difference between “housemaids’ knee” and “Clergyman’s knee”?

A
  • housemaid = prepatellar bursitis
  • clergyman = infrapatellar bursitis
88
Q

Label the bursae

A
89
Q

with the knee flexed and relaxed, it is possible to test knee reflex or ‘jerk’ test. Which ligament is struck and what nerve segments does it test?

A
  • patellar ligament
  • L2, L3, and L4
90
Q

What is haemarthrosis?

A
  • bleeding into a joint cavity
91
Q

What kind of a joint is between the tibia and the fibula?

A
  • fibrous joint
92
Q

What is found at the ends of the tibia and fibula interosseous membrane?

A
  • tibiofibular ligaments
93
Q

What kind of a joint is the ankle joint?

A
  • synovial hinge joint
94
Q

What is the ankle joint formed from and what kind of a joint does it make?

A
  • formed between the medial and lateral malleoli and the trochlea of the talus which forms a mortise joint
95
Q

What aer the medial and lateral ligaments that reinforce the ankle joint?

A
  • medial : deltoid ligament
  • lateral : anterior and posterior
96
Q

What is the medial ankle ligament made up of?

A
  • anterior and posterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular and tibiocalcaneal
97
Q

What is the lateral ankle ligament made of?

A
  • anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments
98
Q

Label this image

A
99
Q

What is the main complication in fractures in the neck of the Talus?

A
  • limp, arthritis, and chronic pain
100
Q

What is hallux valgus?

A
  • big toe deviates from the normal position and angles inward toward the second toe
101
Q

What is shown in this diagram?

A
  • malleolar mortise
102
Q

Label these 3 ligaments

A
103
Q

Label the anterior tibiofibular and posterior tibiofibular ligament

A
104
Q

Which of the preceding ankle ligaments are commonly affected by inversion injuries?

A
  • lateral (anterior talofibular)
105
Q

How does Pott’s fracture occur?

A
  • Occurs after forcible foot eversion often causing tearing of the medial malleolus.
  • The talus then moves laterally, shearing off the lateral malleolus or breaking the fibula superior to the inferior tibiofibular joint.
106
Q

At what joint do eversion and inversion of the foot occur?

A
  • subtalar joint
107
Q

What movements can the transverse tarsal joint do?

A
  • inversion
  • eversion
  • rotation
108
Q

What bones is the transverse tarsal joint formed from?

A
  • between the talus and the navicular, the calcaneus and the cuboid
109
Q

What movement occurs at the tarsometatarsal joint?

A
  • gliding/sliding
110
Q

What movement occurs at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

A
  • flexion/extension abduction and adduction
111
Q

What movement occurs at the interphalangeal joints?

A
  • flexion/ extension
112
Q

What joint is shown here?

A
  • subtalar
113
Q

What joint is shown here?

A
  • transverse tarsal
114
Q

What joint is shown here?

A
  • Talocalcaneonavicular
115
Q

What joint is shown here?

A
  • Calcaneocuboid
116
Q

What joint is shown here?

A
  • Tarsometatarsal
117
Q

What joint is shown here?

A
  • Metatarsophalangeal
118
Q

What joint is shown here?

A
  • Interphalangeal
119
Q

How are the bones in the foot arranged?

A
  • longitudinal and transverse arches
120
Q

In the erect position what parts of the foot make contact with the ground?

A
  • heel, lateral margin of the foot, ball of the foot and the pads of the toes
121
Q

What ligaments are important in maintaining the arch of the foot?

A
  • spring ligaments
122
Q

Label this image

A
123
Q

What does peroneus brevis attach to?

A
  • base of the 5th metatarsal
124
Q

Where does peroneus longus attach to?

A
  • crosses from lateral to medial and attaches to the base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform
125
Q

Where do the tendons of tibialis anterior and posterior converge onto?

A
  • base of the first metatarsal and the cuneiform
126
Q

Label this image

A
127
Q

What arches are involved in ‘flat feet’ (pes Planus)?

A
  • loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
128
Q

What is Plantar Fasciitis (fasciosis)?

A
  • inflammation of the plantar fascia
129
Q

Where does the plantar fascia originate from?

A
  • originates from the medial tubercle of the calcaneus
130
Q

Label these 2 structures

A
131
Q

What arches are shown here?

A
132
Q
A
133
Q

What are the structures in the popliteal fossa from medial to lateral?

A
  • Popliteal artery
  • Popliteal vein
  • Tibial nerve.
134
Q

What is the roof of the popliteal fossa formed by?

A
  • fascia lata
135
Q

What is the floor of the popliteal fossa formed by?

A
  • popliteal surface of the femur, capsule of the knee joint and the popliteus muscle and its fascia
136
Q

What are the proximal attachments of the gastrocnemius?

A
  • medial condyle of femur and area just above condyle.
  • lateral condyle of femur and area just above condyle.
137
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the soleus?

A
  • 1/3 of posterior fibula
138
Q

What is the principle action of the gastrocnemius and soleus?

A
  • plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint
  • flexing the leg at the knee joint
139
Q

What is the action of the popliteus?

A
  • flexing the leg upon the thigh
  • when the leg is flexed, it will rotate the tibia inward
140
Q

Which artery provides the principal blood supply to the posterior compartment of the leg and what are its terminal divisions?

A
  • popliteal artery
  • anterior and posterior tibial arteries
141
Q

What is the relationship of the neurovascular bundle and the tendons of the three deep muscles to the medial malleolus?

A
  • posterior to medial malleolus
142
Q

What is the common action of the :

flexor digitorum longus

Flexor Hallucis longus

Tibialis posterior

A
  • plantar flex and invert the foot
143
Q

What is the nerve supply and nerve roots of the :

Flexor Digitorum longus

Flexor Hallucis longus

Tibialis posterior

A
  • Tibial nerve (L5, S1, S2)
144
Q

What 2 muscles does the lateral compartment contain?

A
  • Fibularis (peroneus) longus
  • Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
145
Q

What is the sensory and motor innervation for the superficial peroneal nerve?

A
  • Motor : Innervates the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg.
  • Sensory: Supplies the vast majority of the skin over the dorsum of the foot, apart from the webbing between the hallux and the second digit
146
Q

What is the sensory and motor innervation for the deep peroneal nerve?

A
  • motor function: Innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg, as well as some of the intrinsic muscles of the foot.
  • Sensory function: Supplies the triangular region of skin between the 1st and 2nd toes.
147
Q

Label this image

A
148
Q

What is the function of the retinacula?

A
  • prevents bowstringing of tendons
149
Q

The tendons of the peroneus (fibularis) longus and brevis pass posteriorly behind which bony structure of the Fibula?

A
  • lateral malleolus
150
Q

Label this image

A
151
Q

Label this image

A
152
Q

Label this image

A
153
Q

Label this image

A
154
Q

What is the common action of these muscles :

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Fibularis tertius

A
  • dorsiflex and invert the foot at the ankle joint
155
Q

What is the common innervation of these muscles :

Tibialis anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Extensor hallucis longus

Fibularis tertius

A
  • deep fibular nerve (L4-S1)
156
Q

What is an important pulse to examine in arteriopathies?

A
  • dorsalis pedis
157
Q

Between which tendons does the dorsalis pedis lie?

A
  • between the extensor hallucis longus tendon and the medial tendon of the extensor digitorum longus muscle
158
Q

What nerve are these muscles supplied by?

Extensor Digitorum Brevis

Extensor Hallucis Brevis

A
  • deep peroneal nerve.
159
Q

What are the 3 muscles in the 1st layer of the foot?

A
  • Abductor Hallucis
  • Flexor Digitorum Brevis
  • Abductor Digiti Minimi
160
Q

What are the muscles in the 2nd layer of the foot?

A
  • 4 lumbricals Quadratus Plantae
161
Q

What are the 3 muscles in the 3rd layer of the foot?

A
  • flexor hallucis brevis
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • adductor Hallucis
162
Q

What muscle and tendon is contained in the 4th layer of the foot?

A
  • Plantar Interossei (4 dorsal and 3 Plantar)
  • Tendons of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
163
Q

What is the function of the 4 lumbricals quadratus plantae?

A
  • assist flexor digitorum longus
164
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the 1st layer of the foot and what is their nerve supply?

A
  • Abductor Hallucis – abducts and flexes great toe (medial plantar nerve)
  • Flexor Digitorum Brevis – flexes lateral four digits (medial plantar nerve)
  • Abductor Digiti Minimi – abducts and flexes 5th digit – Lateral plantar nerve
165
Q

What is the nerve supply (named nerve & “nerve roots”) of the intrinsic muscles of the foot?

A
  • plantar nerve or the lateral plantar nerve, which are both branches of the tibial nerve
  • L4, L5, S1, S2, and S3
166
Q

Label this image & what layer do these muscles belong to?

A
  • 1st layer
167
Q

Label this image & what layer do these muscles belong to?

A
168
Q

What structure is this and what layer?

A
  • 4th layer
  • interossei
169
Q

Label this image & what layer of the foot is this?

A
170
Q

Label this image

A
  • A = lateral epicondyle
  • B = medial epicondyle
  • C = fibula
  • D = tibia
  • E = medial femoral condyle
  • F = lateral femoral condyle
  • G = intercondylar eminence
  • H = medial tibial plateau
  • I = lateral tibial plateau
171
Q

Label this image

A
  • J =
  • K = tibia
  • L = fibula
  • M = tibiofibular joint
  • N = medial condyle
  • O = shaft of femur
    *
172
Q

Label this image

A
  • A = fibula
  • B = tibia
  • C = malleolar fossa / lateral malleolus
  • D = medial malleolus
  • E = trochlea of talus
  • F = inferior articular surface
173
Q

Label this image

A
  • A = tibia
  • B = talus
  • C = navicular
  • D = calcaneus
  • E = tibiotalar joint
  • F = talocalcaneal joint
174
Q

Label this image

A
  • A = Distal phalanx
  • B = proximal phalanx
  • C = metatarsal I
  • D = medial, lateral and intermediate cuneiforms
  • E = navicular
  • F = cuboid
  • G = talus
  • H = calcaneium
  • I = distal phalanx
  • J = intermediate phalanx
  • K = metatarsophalangeal joint
  • L = sesamoid bones
  • M =

Clinical anatomy (10 decks)

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