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MRCS Part A (KF edition) > Lower Limb Anatomy > Flashcards

Lower Limb Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What level is the Iliac crest found at and what is this spinal level an important landmark for?

A

L4-L5

Site for lumber punctures

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2
Q

What is the origin of the Sartorial muscle?

A

Posterior Superior Iliac Spine (PSIS)

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3
Q

What is the origin of the Rectus femurs muscle?

A

Posterior Inferior Iliac Spine (PIIS)

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4
Q

What is the origin of the semimembranosus muscle?

A

Ischial tuberosity (on ischium)

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5
Q

Where do the Glute muscles originate and insert?

A

Attach to the anterior aspect of the greater trochanter of there femur

Gluteus maximus inserts into the Gluteal tuberosity, found inferior to the greater trochanter, and into the Iliotibial tract

The Gluteus muscles originate from the the 3 gluteal lines of the Ilium bone (Posterior, Anterior, Inferior lines)

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6
Q

The lesser trochanter of the femur is the insertion point for which muscle?

A

Iliopsoas muscle

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7
Q

What is the function of Quadratus femoris muscle and what are its attachments?

A

External hip rotator - Adductor of the thigh - Stabilises femoral head in acetabulum

Origin: Ischial tuberosity
Insertion: Quadratus tubercle (post. side of head of femur)

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8
Q

Where is the Greater sciatic notch located?

A

Between PIIS and Ischial spine

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9
Q

Where does the Adductor Magnus muscle insert?

A

Adductor tubercle

Found on distal femur on the medial aspect

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10
Q

What is the Linea aspera and what muscles attach to it?

A

Raised part of the femur found on its posterior border

Medial thigh: Adductor Magnus - Adductor brevis - Adductor longus

Anterior thigh: Vastus medialis - Vastus lateralis

Posterior thigh: Short head of biceps femoris

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11
Q

Where do the short and long heads of the biceps femoris originate and where do they insert?

A

Long head: Ischial tuberosity
Short head Linea aspera

Insert into Lateral head of FIBULA

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12
Q

What is the Pes anserinus?

A

It is the conjoined tendons of Sartorius / Gracilis / Semitendinosus which inserts at the Proximomedial TIBIA

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13
Q

What does the Superior gluteal nerve supply and what is its nerve roots?

A

L4- S1

Supplies:
- Gluteus medius
- Gluteus minimis
- Tensor fascia lata

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14
Q

What are the deep lateral hip rotator muscles?

A

Piriformis - Gemelli - Obturator internus - Quadratus femoris

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15
Q

Which nerve supplies the Gluteus Maximus?

A

Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)

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16
Q

Damage to which nerve would result in a Trendelenburg gait and which muscles is involved in this?

A

Damage to Superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus medius is responsible for the gait when damaged or paralysed

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17
Q

What is a Trendelenburg gait?

A

Inability to abduct thigh and at hip which causes the pelvis to tilt on the contralateral side

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18
Q

Where does the psoas muscle originate attach and what is it innervated by?

A

Originates from the Transverse processes of L1-L5

Attaches with Iliacus muscle into the Lesser Trochanter

Supplied by Femoral Nerve

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19
Q

Where does the Sartorius muscle originate and insert and what main action of movement is it responsible for?

A

Longest muscle in the body which originates from ASIS and inserts at Proximal Medial Tibia

Supplied by Femoral nerve. Responsible for crossing legs

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20
Q

What are the 4 main hip adductors of the thigh and what are they innervated by?

A
  • Adductor Magnus: inferior pubic ramus to Linea aspera + adductor tubercle (distal medial femur)
  • Adductor brevis: inferior pubic ramus to Linea aspera
  • Adductor longus: Anterior pubic ramus to Linea aspera
  • Gracillis: inferior pubic synthesis to proximal medial tibia

Supplied by Obturator nerve

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21
Q

Which muscles attach to the Greater Trochanter (POGGGO)?

A

Piriformis - Obturator internus - Gemelli - Gluteus medius - Gluteus minimus - Obturator externus

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22
Q

What are the Quadricep muscles and where do they insert?

A

Rectus femoris // Vastus lateralis // Vastus medialis // Vastus intermedialis

Combine prior to the patella at Quadriceps femoris tendon and insert into the patella continuing to insert into the Tibial tuberosity

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23
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the posterior thigh and what are they innervated by?

A

All innervated by Tibial nerve except short head of biceps femoris (peroneal nerve)

  • Semitendinosus
  • Long head of biceps femoris (from ischial tuberosity)
  • Short head of biceps femoris (lines aspera)
  • Semimembranosus (prox. ischial tuberosity)
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24
Q

What are the 4 compartments of the lower leg?

A

Anterior // Lateral // Superficial posterior // Deep posterior

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25
Q

What 4 muscles make up the anterior compartment of the lower leg and what movements are they responsible for?

A

All muscles cause dorsiflexion of the foot

  • Tibialis anterior: inversion of the foot
  • Extensor hallucis longus: extension of big toe
  • Extensor digitorum longus: extends all toes
  • Peroneus Tertius: eversion of foot
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26
Q

What innervates all muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg?

A

Deep peroneal nerve (L4-S1)

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27
Q

What are the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the lower leg and what are they innervated by?

A
  • Peroneus longus (prox fibula to medial cuneiform)
  • Peroneus brevis (distal fibula to tuberosity of 5th metatarsal)

Innervated by Superficial peroneal nerve (S1)

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28
Q

What actions is the lateral compartment of the lower leg responsible for?

A

Eversion of the foot

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29
Q

What are the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the lower leg (GPS) and their nerve supply?

A

GPS

Gastrocnemius // Plantaris (from Lat epicondyle) // Soleus

Innervated by Anterior Tibial nerve (S1)

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30
Q

Where do the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of lower leg insert and what action are they responsible for?

A

All muscles insert into the Calcaneus

Cause Plantar flexion of the foot

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31
Q

What muscles make up the Deep posterior compartment of the lower leg (PFFT) and what are they innervated by?

A

PFFT

-Popliteus (lateral femoral epicondyle to prox tibia - internal rotation of knee and flexing)
- Flexor hallucis longus
- Flexor digitorum longus
- Tibialis posterior (inserts into navicular and medial cuneiform to invert and plantar flex)

Innervated by Posterior tibial nerve (S1-S2)

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32
Q

What are the articulations of the bones of the foot starting with the calcaneum?

A

Calcaneum articulates with the talus (medially) and cuboid (laterally).

Cuboid articulates with metatarsals 4 + 5

Talus articulates with Navicular bone which then articulates with the Cuneiform bones

Cuneiform bones articulate with metatarsals 1 + 2 + 3

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33
Q

The greater sciatic foramen allows passage for 6 vessels and 7 nerves. What are they?

A

Vessels:
Superior gluteal artery and vein // Inferior gluteal artery and vein // Internal pudendal artery and vein

Nerves:
Superior and Inferior gluteal nerves // Sciatic nerve // Pudendal nerve // Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve // Nerve to quadratus femoris // Nerve to Obturator internus

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34
Q

What structures emerge above and below the Piriformis muscle?

A

Above: Superior gluteal vessels and nerve

Below: Sciatic nerve and inferior gluteal nerve and vessels

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35
Q

What structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Tendon of Obturator internus // Pudendal nerve // Internal pudendal artery and vein // Nerve to obturator internus

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36
Q

Which structures pass through both greater and lesser sciatic foramen (PIN)?

A

PIN

Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal artery
nerve to obturator internus

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37
Q

How many compartments are there in the thigh?

A

3

Anterior (4 muscles) // Medial // Posterior

38
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior thigh and its innervation and blood supply?

A

Iliacus // Tensor fascia latae // Sartorius // quadriceps femoris

Femoral nerve
Femoral artery

39
Q

What is the innervation and blood supply of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Obturator nerve

Supplied by Profound femoris and Obturator artery

40
Q

What 5 muscles make up the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

Adductor longus // Adductor Magnus and brevis // Gracillis / Obturator externus

41
Q

What 3 muscles make up the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

Semimembranosus // Semitendinosus // Biceps femoris

innervated by Sciatic nerve. Supplied by Profound femoris artery

42
Q

What is the course of arterial blood supply in the leg starting from the abdominal aorta?

A

AA –> L + R common iliac artery –> External iliac artery –> Common femoral artery (occurs after inguinal ligament) –> gives rise to Profunda femoris artery (supplies posterior thigh muscles + NOF + femur) AND Superficial femoral artery –> Popliteal artery –> Anterior tibial artery anteriorly AND Tibio-peroneal trunk posteriorly (gives rise to peroneal artery and posterior tibial artery) –> Anterior tibial artery continues to the ankle where it becomes Dorsalis pedis artery

43
Q

Where do the superior and inferior gluteal arteries arise from?

A

Internal Iliac artery

44
Q

Which vessel is most at risk in a posterior approach to a THR?

A

Inferior gluteal artery

45
Q

Where can the femoral pulse be palpated?

A

At the mid inguinal point (midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis)

46
Q

What can be found at the mid point of the inguinal ligament?

A

Deep inguinal ring and femoral nerve

47
Q

What does the posterior tibial artery branch into at the foot?

A

Medial and Lateral plantar arteries

48
Q

What are the 3 deep and 3 superficial branches of the femoral artery?

A

Superficial:
- Superficial epigastric artery
- Superficial external pudendal artery
- Superficial circumflex iliac artery

Deep:
- Profunda femoris artery
- Deep external pudendal artery
- Descending genicular artery

49
Q

What is the course of the Long Saphenous vein?

A

Starts at 1st digit (dorsal veins merge with dorsal venous arch)

Runs anteriorly to medial malleolus and travels up the leg medially

At saphenofemoral junction, long and short saphenous merge to drain into the femoral vein (2-4cm below and lateral to pubic tubercle)

50
Q

What is the course of the short saphenous vein?

A

Starts laterally at the 5th digit and travels posteriorly to the lateral malleolus

51
Q

What is Saphena varix and how is it caused?

A

Reducible blueish swelling at the point of the saphenofemoral junction (can be confused for a hernia)

Caused by incompetence of the valve at the saphenofemoral junction

52
Q

Which nerve runs alongside the short saphenous vein and what does it supply?

A

Sural nerve

Supplies sensation to the lateral aspect of the lower leg

53
Q

What provides sensation to the medial leg and when can it be damaged?

A

Saphenous nerve

Any surgery related to the Long Saphenous vein (e.g. harvesting for CABG) can damage the nerve

54
Q

What are the sciatic nerve roots?

A

L4-S3

55
Q

What is the dermatome of the tips of toes and sole of foot?

A

S1

56
Q

What are the divisions of the lumbosacral plexus

A

Anterior and Posterior divisions

57
Q

Which nerve is responsible for the cremasteric reflex and what are its nerve roots?

A

Genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)

Also provides sensation to the upper medial thigh

58
Q

What is the function of the pudendal nerve?

A

Supplies external genitalia and anal sphincter

(S2, 3, 4 keeps the shit off the floor)

59
Q

What are the branches of the femoral nerve and its motor innervations (L2-L4)?

MIS VQ Scan for PE

A

MIS VQ Scan for PE

  • Medial cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  • Intermediate cutaneous nerve of the thigh
  • Saphenous nerve
  • Vastus muscles (all 3)
  • Quadriceps femoris
  • Sartorius
  • Pectineus
60
Q

Which nerve, other than femoral, has also been found to innervate the Pectineus muscle (20%)?

A

Obturator nerve

61
Q

What is the contents of the obturator canal and when can its structures be damaged?

A

Obturator artery, vein and nerve

Obturator nerve can be damaged in any pelvic surgery (e.g. TURP, ovarian cystectomy)

62
Q

What is the cutaneous sensory distribution of the sciatic nerve?

A

Entire posterior leg, gluteal region and entire lower leg EXCEPT the medial aspect

63
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thigh and what is their innervation?

A

Semitendinosus // Semimembranosus // Biceps femoris // Part of adductor Magnus

Innervated by the Sciatic nerve

64
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Superiorly: Inguinal ligament

Laterally: Sartorius

Medially: Adductor longus

Floor: Iliopsoas, adductor longus and Pectineus

Roof: Fascia lata and superficial fascia

65
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the perineum and genitals?

A

Superficial (horizontal) inguinal lymph nodes

66
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the lower limbs?

A

Deep (vertical) inguinal lymph nodes

67
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

From medial to lateral

Lymph nodes - Femoral vein - Femoral artery - Femoral nerve - Lateral cutaneous nerve - Great saphenous vein - Femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve

68
Q

What are the borders of the femoral canal?

A

Laterally: Femoral vein

Medially: Lacunar ligament

Anteriorly: Inguinal ligament

Posteriorly: Pectineal ligament

69
Q

What is the clinical significance of the femoral canal and what pathology can arise from this location?

A

Canal allows for the femoral vein to expand and allow for increased venous flow

However, also a site for femoral herniation with high chance of strangulation

70
Q

What is the most lateral structure of the popliteal fossa?

A

Common Peroneal nerve

71
Q

What is the most superficial structure in the popliteal fossa?

A

Tibial nerve

72
Q

Which structure is the most medial and deep in the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery

73
Q

Which structure is most at risk of injury in a knee dislocation or fracture?

A

Popliteal artery (as it is the most deep and medial structure)

74
Q

Where does the posts major muscle insert and what action is it responsible for?

A

Inserts into the Lesser trochanter and contracts to raise the trunk from the supine position

75
Q

What does the McMurray’s test asses?

A

Medial meniscus (tears/injury)

76
Q

How is the sensory innervation of the scrotum split?

A

Lateral: Genitofemoral nerve (L1-2)

Anterior + root: Ilioinguinal nerve

Posterior: Pudendal nerve (S2-4)

77
Q

What is the dermatome of the posterior knee?

A

L3

78
Q

What bones is the medial longitudinal arch of the foot comprised of?

A

Calcaneus // Talus // Navicular // 3 cuneiform bones // 2 medial metatarsals

79
Q

Where does the medial ligament of the foot (deltoid) originate and attach?

A

Originates from the medial malleolus and attaches to the Navicular bones / Talus / Calcaneus

80
Q

What are the 2 lateral ligaments of the foot?

A

Calcaneofibular ligament

Talofibular ligament

81
Q

What are the lateral hip rotators?

P-GO-GO-Q?

A

P-GO-GO-Q

Piriformis

Gemellus superior
Obturator internus

Gemellus inferior
Obturator externs

Quadratus femoris

82
Q

What are the 3 extra capsular ligaments of the hip?

A

Iliofemoral // Pubofemoral // Ischiofemoral

83
Q

What is the blood supply of the hip joint?

A

Anastomosis of the medial and lateral circumflex arteries AND inferior gluteal artery

84
Q

What is the cause of anterior bursitis?

A

Repeated flexion of the knee (e.g. builders)

85
Q

Which ligament provides valgus stability to the knee and where does it attach?

A

Medial collateral ligament

Attaches from medial femoral epicondyle to medial tibial epicondyle

86
Q

Which ligament provides varus stability to the knee and where does it attach?

A

Lateral collateral ligament

Attaches from lateral femoral epicondyle to fibula head

87
Q

What are the attachments for the ACL and how is it tested for?

A

Attaches from the anterior intercondylar tibia to the lateral intercondylar femoral notch to prevent the tibia sliding anteriorly

Tested by Lackmann’s test

88
Q

What is the most commonly injured ligament in a lateral malleolar sprain?

A

Talofibular ligament

89
Q

What structures pass posterior to the medial malleolus and deep to the flexor retinaculum?

(Tom Dick and Very Nice Harry)

A

Tom Dick and Very Nice Harry

Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Posterior tibial vessels (artery +vein)
Tibial nerve
Flexor hallucis longus

90
Q

What structures run anteriorly to the malleolus and deep to the extensor retinaculum?

(Tom Has Very Nice Dogs and Pigs)

A

Tom Has Very Nice Dogs and Pigs

Tibialis anterior
extensor Hallucis longus
Anterior tibial vessels
Anterior tibial Nerve
Extensor Digitorum longus
Peroneus Tertius

MRCS Part A (KF edition) (18 decks)

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