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Anatomy > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name for thepart of the skeleton that forms the lower limb?

A

the inferior appendicular skeleton

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2
Q

what is the lower limb attached to the axial skeleton by? (1)

A

the pelvic girdle

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3
Q

what are the 4 regions of the lower limb?

A
  1. gluteal
  2. thigh
  3. leg
  4. foot
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4
Q

what are the two ligaments that extend from the sacrum to the ischium?

A
  1. sacro-spinous ligament
  2. sacro-tuberous ligament
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5
Q

origin and insertion of sacrospinous ligament:

A

origin - lateral margin of sacrum
insertion - ischium spine

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6
Q

sacro-tuberous ligament origin and insertion

A

origin - Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
insertion - ischial tuberosity

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7
Q

what do the ligaments extending from sacrum to ischium form? (2)

A

the greater and lesser sciatic foreamen

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8
Q

what are the parts of the gluteus from superficial to deep: (3)

A
  1. Gluteus Maximus
  2. Gluteus Medius
  3. Gluteus Minimus
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9
Q

what are the lateral rotators of the thigh? (5)

A
  1. Piriformis
  2. Superior Gemellus
  3. Inferior Gemellus
  4. Obturator internus
  5. Quadratus Femorus
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10
Q

Gluteus Maximus origin (4)

A
  • posterior surface of ileum
  • Posterior surface of sacrum
  • Sacro tuberous ligament
  • Ischial tuberosity
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11
Q

insertion of gluteus maximus (2) and % of fibres going to each insertion

A
  • Iliotibial tract - 75%
  • Gluteal tuberosity - 25%
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12
Q

where is the gluteal tuberosity located on the femur?

A

superior posterior shaft

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13
Q

what does the iliotibial tract help in stabilisation of?

A

the knee joint

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14
Q

gluteus medius origin (1)

A

external surface of ileum - between posterior and anterior gluteal line

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15
Q

insertion of gluteus medius (1)

A

greater trochanter of femur

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16
Q

gluteus minimus origin (1)

A

external surface of ileum - between posterior and inferior gluteal lines

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17
Q

insertion of gluteus minimus (1)

A

greater trochanter of femur

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18
Q

function of gluteus maximus (2)

A
  • hip extension
  • lateral rotation of femur
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19
Q

gluteus medius and minmus functions (2)

A
  • medial rotation of femur
  • abduction of femur
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20
Q

Piriformis origin and insertion (1 & 1)

A

origin - anterior surface of sacrum
insertion - greater trochanter of femur

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21
Q

what does the piriformis pass through to enable its attachment onto the greater trochanter? (1)

A
  • the greater sciatic foramen
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22
Q

what nerve passes alongisde the piriformis? (1)

A

sciatic nerve

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23
Q

which muscle lies just inferior to piriformis? (1)

A

superior gemellus

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24
Q

origin (1) and insertion (1) of superior gemellus

A
  • origin - ischial spine
  • insertion - greater trochanter of femur
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25
Q

origin (1) and insertion (1) of inferior gemellus

A
  • origin - ischial tuberosity
  • insertion - greater trochanter of femur
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26
Q

quadratus femoris origin (1) and insertion (1)

A
  • origin - ischial tuberosity
  • insertion - intertrochanteric crest
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27
Q

where is the intertrochanteric crest found? (1)

A

runs between the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur

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28
Q

obturator internus origin (1) and insertion (1)

A
  • origin - inside surface of obturator foramen
  • insertion - greater trochanter of femur
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29
Q

what does the obturator internus pass out of in order to reach its attachment (1)

A

the lesser sciatic foramen

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30
Q

obturator externus origin (2) and insertion (1)

A
  • origin - obturator membrane & ischiopubic ramus
  • insertion - greater trochanter of femur
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31
Q

function of quadratus femoris as well as laterally rotating femur (1)

A

steadies femoral head in acetabulum

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32
Q

what is the acetabulum? (4)

A
  • concave
  • cup-shaped socket
  • in pelvis
  • forms hip joint
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33
Q

what junction is the acetabulum located next to?

A

the junction of the three pelvic bones:
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis

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34
Q

function of obturator externus (1)

A
  • external rotation of hip
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35
Q

what are the 5 muscles groups acting at the hip joint?

A
  1. short rotators
  2. flexors
  3. adductors
  4. abductors
  5. extensors
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36
Q

which of the 5 muscle groups acting at the hip lies the deepest?

A
  • the short rotator muscles
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37
Q

how many short rotator muscles are the?

A

6

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38
Q

what are the 6 rotator muscles of the hip?

A
  1. piriformis
    2. obturator externus
  2. obturator internus
  3. gemellus superior
  4. gemellus inferior
  5. quadratus femoris
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39
Q

what are the three hip abductor muscles

A
  1. gluteus medius
  2. gluteus minimus
  3. tensor fascia lata
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40
Q

what is the fascia lata? (2)

A
  • a continuous sheet of dense fibrous tissue
  • surrounds all muscles of the thigh
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41
Q

what is the thickening of the fascia Lata on the outer aspect of the thigh? (1)

A

iliotibial tract

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42
Q

where does the iliotibial tract extend from and to? (2)

A

ilium to tibia

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43
Q

what attaches the iliotibial tract to the femur? (1)

A

strong fibrous septum

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44
Q

for which muscles does the iliotibial tract act as the tendon of insertion? (2)

A

Gluteus maximus
Tensor fascia Lata

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45
Q

origin and insertion of Tensor Fascia Lata? (2)

A
  • origin - iliac crest
  • insertion - iliotibial tract
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46
Q

what is the largest nerve of the lower extremity?

A

the sciatic nerve

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47
Q

what are the 2 gluteal nerves called?

A

superior
inferior

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48
Q

what does the sciatic nerve supply? (2)

A
  • posterior thigh muscles
  • almost everything below knee
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49
Q

origin of gluteal and sciatic nerves (1)

A

sacral plexus

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50
Q

how many and what roots form the sacral plexus?

A

5
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

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51
Q

what muscle typically overlies the sacral plexus?

A

piriformis

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52
Q

how do all three nerves (sciatic and 2 gluteals) leave the pelvis? (1)

A

through the greater sciatic foramen

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53
Q

what muscles does the superior gluteal nerve supply? (3)

A
  1. gluteus Medius
  2. Gluteus Minimus
  3. Tensor Fascia Lata
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54
Q

what does the inferior gluteal nerve supply (1)

A

Gluteus maximus

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55
Q

what 2 muscles lie deep to the sciatic nerve as it runs down the thigh?

A
  • quadratus femoris
  • adductor magnus
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56
Q

what does the sciatic nerve supply in the thigh? (4)

A
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
  • Biceps Femoris
  • Posterior part of adductor magnus
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57
Q

which hip muscles have their own individual nerve supply? (4)

A
  • Psoas major
  • Piriformis
  • Obturator internus
  • Quadratus Femoris
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58
Q

what are the main Parts of the femur (12)

A
  • head
  • neck
  • greater trochanter
  • lesser trochanter
  • intertrochanteric crest
  • intertrochanteric line
  • Pectineal line
  • Linea Aspera
  • Medial epicondyle
  • Lateral epicondyle
  • Medial condyle
  • Lateral condyle
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59
Q

what is the Linea Aspera of the Femur (2)

A
  • a prominant ridge
  • on the posterior shaft of the femur
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60
Q

what is the pectineal line of the femur (3)

A
  • a bony ridge
  • on the anterior side
  • at the proximal part
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61
Q

whats the difference between an epicondyle and a condyle? (2)

A

epicondyle - a** bony projection **located near a condyle that often serves as a site for muscle attachment

condyle - a rounded articular surface at the end of a bone, often part of a joint

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62
Q

compartments of the upper limb vs lower limb: anteriorvs posterior

A

anterior:
* upper limb - flexors
* lower limb - extensors

Posterior:
* upper limb - extensors
* lower limb - flexors

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63
Q

anterior thigh supply: vein, artery and nerve

A

vein - femoral
artery - femoral
nerve - femoral

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64
Q

medial thigh supply: vein, artery and nerve name

A

vein - femoral
artery - femoral
nerve - obturator

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65
Q

posterior thigh supply: vein, artery and nerve name

A

vein - profunda femoris
artery - profunda femoris
nerve - sciatic

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66
Q

anterior leg (lower leg) supply: vein, artery and nerve name

A

vein - anterior tibial
artery - anterior tibial
nerve - deep fibular

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67
Q

most superior part of pelvis

A

iliac crest

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68
Q

lateral leg supply: vein, artery and nerve name

A

vein - anterior tibial
artery - anterior tibial & fibular
nerve - superficial fibular

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69
Q

posterior leg (lower leg) supply: vein, artery and nerve name

A

vein - posterior tibial
artery - posterior tibial
nerve - tibial

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70
Q

what are the nerves that supply the foot (6)

A
  1. sural nerve
  2. saphenous nerve
  3. deep fibular nerve
  4. superficial fibular nerve
  5. medial plantar nerve
  6. lateral plantar nerve
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71
Q

movements of the thigh: anterior, medial and posterior compartment

A

anterior - extension of leg
posterior - flexion of leg
medial - adduction of thigh

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72
Q

movements of leg (lower): anterior (2), lateral (1) and posterior (2)

A

anterior:
* dorsiflexion of foot
* extenson of digits

lateral:
* eversion of foot

posterior:
* plantar flexion of foot
* flexion of digits

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73
Q

which artery gives rise to the femoral artery?

A

external iliac artery

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74
Q

lower limb arterial division names (10)

A
  • external iliac
  • femoral artery
  • popliteal
  • fibular
  • posterior tibial
  • anterior tibial
  • lateral plantar
  • medial plantar
  • superficial plantar arch
  • deep plantar arch
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75
Q

when does the external iliac artery turn into femoral artery?

A
  • at the inguinal ligament
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76
Q

what branch does the femoral artery give off?

A

profunda femoris

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77
Q

when does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

at the adductor hiatus

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78
Q

what 2 branches does the popliteal artery split into?

A
  • posterior tibial
  • anterior tibial
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79
Q

what branch does the posterior tibial artery give off?

A

fibular artery

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80
Q

what are the main veins of the lower limb? (5)

A
  • femoral
  • popliteal
  • fibular
  • anterior tibial
  • posterior tibial
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81
Q

superficial veins of the lower limb and where they arise from

A
  • Great Saphenous - arises from femoral vein
  • Small Saphenous - arises from popliteal vein
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82
Q

what roots form the lumbar plexus?

A
  • L1-L4
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83
Q

dermatome definition: and example

A

the cutaneous area supplied by a single spinal nerve root
example: L2

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84
Q

cuteaneous innervation definition and example

A

the area of skin innervated by a specific cutaneous nerve
example - lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

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85
Q

what movements are the superficial muscles of the hip joint associated with? (2)

A
  • abduction
  • extension
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86
Q

what movements are the deep muscles of the gluteal region associated with? (1)

A

lateral rotation

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87
Q

why is the relationship between the piriformis and sciatic nerve significant?

A

anatomic variability of the sciatic nerve - the sciatic nerve may pass above, below or through the piriformis muscle

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88
Q

what is the most common course of the sciatic nerve in relation to the piriformis muscle?

A

sciatic nerve passes below piriformis

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89
Q

what is piriformis syndrome?

A

where the sciatic nerve passes through the piriformis muscle

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90
Q

what happens in piriformis syndrome (3)

A

compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve causes:
* paresthesia along sciatic nerve path

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91
Q

3 for medial

what are the boarders of the gluteal region?

A

lateral - lateral thigh
superior - iliac crest
medial - sacrum, coccyx, and anus
inferior - inferior boarder of gluteus maximus

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92
Q

what is the iliotibial tract also known as?

A

the IT band

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93
Q

what is the nerve and artery that passes through the greater sciatic foramen, superior to piriformis?

A

nerve - superior gluteal nerve
artery - superior gluteal artery

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94
Q

where does the inferior gluteal artery and inferior gluteal nerve pass in relation to piriformis? (2)

A
  • through greater sciatic foramen
  • inferior to piriformis
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95
Q

what is the deep fascia of the posterior thigh called?

A

the fascia lata

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96
Q

what groups of muscles make up the ‘hamstring muscles’?

most lateral to medial for extra point

A
  • Biceps Femoris
  • Semitendionsus
  • Semimembranosus
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97
Q

Biceps femoris two heads origin:

A

long head - ischial tuberosity
short head - midshaft of femur

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98
Q

insertion of Biceps femoris (1)

A

head of fibula

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99
Q

which head of biceps femoris is more lateral?

A

short head

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100
Q

Origin and insertion of Semitendinosus

A

origin - ischial tuberosity
insertion - Pes anserinus

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101
Q

what is the Pes anserinus? (3)

A
  • Part of the tibia
  • medial superior side
  • common insertion point of tendons
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102
Q

what tendons insert onto the Pes anserinus of the tibia? (3)

A
  1. semitendinosus
  2. Gracillis
  3. Sartorius
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103
Q

how to distinguish between semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A

semitendinosus - half of it is tendon

semimembranosus - broader, membranous appearance

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104
Q

Semimembranosus origin and insertion

A

origin - ischial tuberosity
insertion - posterior medial condyle of tibia

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105
Q

what inserts lower, semimembranosus or semitendinosus?

A

Semitendinosus

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106
Q

hamstrings muscle function as a whole? (2)

A

knee flexion
hip extension

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107
Q

what muscle of the hamstrings is not involved in hip extension and why?

A
  • short head of biceps
  • does not originate from ischial tuberosity like other hamstring muscles
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108
Q

what determines whether the hamstrings produce knee flexion, hip extension, or both? (1)

A

what other muscles are acting in opposition to them at the time

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109
Q

what other muscles are involved

how hamstrings produce hip extension: (2)

A
  • quadricep flexion
  • hamstring flexion
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110
Q

what other muscles are involved

how hamstrings produce knee flexion (2)

A
  • hip flexor flexion
  • hamstring flexion
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111
Q

what is the popliteal fossa? (2)

A
  • a diamond-shaped depression at the back of the knee joint
  • serves as a transition between thigh and calf
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112
Q

contents of the popliteal fossa: (8)

A
  • popliteal artery
  • popliteal vein
  • tibial nerve
  • common fibular nerve
  • sural nerve
  • sural communicating nerve
  • popliteal lymph nodes
  • small saphenous vein
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113
Q

superior and inferior

boarders of the popliteal fossa (3 & 2)

A

superior:
* medial - semitendinosus & semimembranosus
* lateral - Biceps Femoris

Inferior:
* medial - medial head of gastrocnemius
* lateral - lateral head of gastrocnemius

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114
Q

what are the superficial structures located on top of the popliteal fossa? (3)

A
  1. sural nerve
  2. sural communicating nerve
  3. small saphenous vein
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115
Q

where the sural nerve comes from?

A

tibial branch of the sciatic nerve

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116
Q

where does the sural communicating nerve come from?

A

the common fibular branch of the sciatic nerve

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117
Q

what does the small saphenous vein drain into?

A

the popliteal vein

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118
Q

path of sciatic nerve from gluteal region to where it divides: (5)

A
  • passes out of pelvis via greater sciatic foramen
  • passes below piriformis
  • passes between hamstring muscles
  • divides into 2 branches prior to popliteal fossa
  • tibial and common fibular/peroneal branches
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119
Q

how to tell which is the tibial branch and common fibular branch of sciatic nerve (2)

A
  • tibial - medial side & thick
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120
Q

path of tibial nerve (3)

A
  • passes through popliteal fossa
  • passes between 2 heads of gastrocnemius
  • travels to posterior leg
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121
Q

what does the tibial nerve supply in the posterior thigh? (3)

A
  • semitendinosus
  • semimembranosus
  • long head of biceps femoris
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122
Q

what does the common fibular nerve supply in posterior thigh? (1)

A
  • short head of biceps femoris
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123
Q

what are the posterior muscles of the thigh supplied by? (blood)

A
  • profunda femoris artery
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124
Q

what do the popliteal vein and artery pass though before reaching the popliteal fossa?

A
  • adductor hiatus - opening in adductor hiatus
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125
Q

general term

what are the main branches of the popliteal artery? (1)

A
  • genicular branches
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126
Q

what do the genicular branches supply? as a whole? (2)

A
  • knee joint
  • surounding soft tissue
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127
Q

what are the 5 knee flexor muscles?

A
  • Biceps Femoris
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranosus
  • Sartorius
  • Gracillis
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128
Q

Sartorius origin (2) and insertion (1)

A

origin:
* superior head - ASIS
* inferior head - notch between ASIS & AIIS

insertion:
* Pes anserinus

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129
Q

Gracillis origin (2) and insertion (1)

A

origin:
* pubic symphysis
* pubic crest

insertion:
* Pes anserinus

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130
Q

medial side

what does the obturator nerve supply? (4)

A
  1. obturator externus
  2. adductor brevis
  3. adductor longus
  4. anterior part of adductor magnus
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131
Q

what does the femoral nerve supply? (4)

A
  1. iliacus
  2. pectineus
  3. all 4 heads of quadriceps
  4. sartorius
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132
Q

muscles surrounding knee from below: (3)

A
  • popliteus muscle
  • Plantaris muscle
  • Gastrocnemius muscle
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133
Q

popliteus origin and insertion

A
  • origin - superior part of posterior tibia
  • insertion - lateral epicondyle of femur
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134
Q

what does the tendon of popliteus pass through in order to reach its insertion point?

A
  • capsule of knee
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135
Q

function of popliteus (2)

A
  • minor flexor of knee
  • medial rotation of tibia
136
Q

what muscle lies superficial to popliteus?

A
  • plantaris
137
Q

origin and insertion of plantaris

A

origin - lateral epicondyle of femur
insertion - calcaneous

138
Q

what is the calcaneous?

A

The heel bone

139
Q

what muscle does the tendon of plantaris travel over?

A

soleus

140
Q

what muscle lies superficial to both plantaris and popliteus?

A

gastrocnemius

141
Q

orign (2) and insertion of gastrocnemius (1)

A

origin:
* two heads - medial & lateral condyles of femur

insertion:
* calcaneus

142
Q

what do the two head of gastrocnemius join with in order to form a large tendon?

A

soleus tendon

143
Q

what do the distal tendons of the soleus muscle and gastrocnemius form?

A
  • the calcaneal tendon
144
Q

function of the gastrocnemius (2)

A
  • slight flexion of knee
  • plantar flexion of ankle
145
Q

from a posterior view, which of the following lies the deepest?
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
sciatic nerve

A

popliteal artery

146
Q

branches of the popliteal artery above the knee (2)

A

lateral suprior genicular artery
medial superior genicular artery

147
Q

branches of the popliteal artery at the knee (2)

A

branches to both heads of gastrocnemius

148
Q

branches of the popliteal artery below the knee (2)

A

lateral inferior genicular artery
medial inferior genicular artery

149
Q

muscles involved in plantar flexion: (3)

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
150
Q

extrinsic muscles involved in flexing the digits of the foot: (2)

A
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • flexor hallucis longus
151
Q

the superficial vs deep muscles of the posterior legs actions

A

3 superficial muscles - plantar flexion
3 deep muscles - flex digits/ invert foot

152
Q

muscles involved in inverting foot (4)

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • flexor hallucis longus
153
Q

what are the three superficial muscles of the posterior leg?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantaris
154
Q

what are the three deep muscles of the posterior leg?

A
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
155
Q

what muscles of the hamstrings are involved in medial (2) & lateral (1) rotation?

A

Lateral rotation - biceps femoris
medial rotation - semitendinosus & semimembranosus

156
Q

how many tarsal bones are there, and what are they called? (posterior-anterior)

A

7:
1. Calcaneus
2. Talus
3. Navicular
4. cuboid
5. lateral cuneiform
6. intermediate cuneiform
7. medial cuneiform

157
Q

how many metatarsals are there?

A

5 - one for each toe

158
Q

how are the metatarsals named?

A

1-5, starting from medial side (big toe)

159
Q

unique featues of the 1st, 2nd, and 5th metartasal?

A

1st - much bigger than the rest
2nd - longest
5th - prominent tubercle at base

160
Q

how many phalanges per toe? (2)

A
  • all have three phalanges
  • apart from big toe which has 2
161
Q

what are the 2 planes of the arch of the foot?

A
  1. side to side arch
  2. end to end arch
162
Q

what are the flexor muscles of the big toe?

A
  1. flexor hallucis longus
  2. flexor hallucis brevis
163
Q

it contains 2 distinct parts!

flexor hallucis brevis origin (2) and insertion (2)

A

medial part:
* origin - cuboid bone

lateral part:
* origin - lateral cuneiform bone

insertion of both:
* medial & lateral sesamoid
* base of proximal phalanges of big toe

164
Q

where are the lateral and medial sesamoid bone located in the foot? (1)

A

bottom of MP joint

165
Q

which is bigger, the lateral or medial sesamoid bone of the big toe?

A

medial sesamoid bone

166
Q

what are the short muscles of the big toe? (3)

A
  1. flexor hallucis brevis
  2. adductor hallucis
  3. adbuctor hallucis
167
Q

contains 2 heads of origin

origin (2) and insertion (1) of adductor hallucis

A

origin:
* oblique head - base of mid three metarsals
* transverse head - deep transverse metatarsal ligament

insertion;
* medial sesamoid bone

168
Q

origin (1) and insertion (2) of abductor hallucis:

A

origin - medial side of calcaneus
insertion - medial sesamoid bone & base of proximal phalanges

169
Q

what tendon runs between the two halves of flexor hallucis brevis?

A

flexor hallucis longus tendon

170
Q

what are the two heads of flexor hallucis brevis?

A

medial part
lateral part

171
Q

what muscles merge with the medial head of flexor hallucis brevis? (2)

A
  1. adductor hallucis (both heads)
  2. abductor hallucis
172
Q

what is the most medial muscle of all the foot muscles?

A

abductor hallucis

173
Q

what are the two short muscles of the little toe?

A
  1. flexor digiti minimi brevis
  2. abductor ditigi minimi
174
Q

abductor digiti minimi origin and insertion

A

origin - calcaneus
insertion - proximal phalanges of 5th toe

175
Q

flexor digiti minimi brevis origin and insertion

A

origin - 5th metatarsal
insertion - proximal phalanges of little toe (medial side)

176
Q

what are the two long toe flexor muscles?

A
  1. flexor hallucis longus
  2. flexor digitorum longus
177
Q

what tendon passes through the flexor digitorum longus origin?

A

tibialis posterior

178
Q

flexor hallucis longus origin and insertion:

A

origin - distal two thirds of fibula
insertion - distal phalanges of big toe

179
Q

flexor digitorum longus origin and insertion

A

origin - distal two thirds of tibia
insertion - 4 tendons, distal phalanges of each toe

180
Q

what are considered the three medial leg muscles?

A
  1. flexor hallucis longus
  2. flexor digitorum longus
  3. tibialis posterior
181
Q

which of the three medial leg muscles lie the deepest?

A

tibialis posterior

182
Q

what do the three medial leg muscle tendons pass underneath in order to reach the foot?

A

the flexor retinaculum

183
Q

what of the two long flexor toe muscles is more medial?

A

flexor digitorum longus

surprising! tendons cross over in plantar aspect of foot

184
Q

what happens to the flexor hallucis and digitorum longus tendons in the plantar aspect of the foot?

A

they cross over each other

185
Q

which tendon of the long toe flexors lies deeper in the foot

A

flexor hallucis longus

186
Q

what does the tendon of flexor hallucis longus pass through within the foot in order to reach big toe?

A

flexor tendon sheath of big toe

187
Q

what side are the short toe flexor muscles located on the foot?

A

plantar aspect

188
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the foot, dorsal (2) vs plantar (9)

A

Plantar muscles:
1. interossei
2. lumbricals
3. flexor accessorius
4. flexor digitorum brevis
5. flexor hallucis brevis
6. flexor digiti minimi brevis
7. abductor digiti minimi
8. abductor hallucis
9. adductor hallucis

Dorsal muscles:
1. extensor digitorum brevis
2. extensor hallucis brevis

189
Q

how many interossei in the foot are there?

A

7:
* 2 for each 3 middle toes
* 1 for 5th toe

190
Q

origin and insertion of interossei

A

origin - shaft of metatarsals
insertion - proximal phalanges of each toe

191
Q

function of interosseous muscles of foot (1)

A
  • flex toe at MP joint
192
Q

what are the middle group of short toe flexor muscles?

A
  • lumbricals
  • flexor accessorius/ quadratus plantae
  • flexor digitorum brevis
193
Q

what tendon is the middle group of short toe flexor muscles closely located to?

A

flexor digitorum longus tendon

194
Q

how many lumbricals are there in the foot, and what is their arrangement

A
  • 4
  • likeweise to hand
195
Q

flexor accessorius origin and insertion:

A

origin - calcaneus
insertion - tendon of flexor digitorum longus

196
Q

function of flexor accessorius

A

flex lateral 4 toes at PIP and MTP joint

197
Q

flexor digitorum brevis origin and insertion

A

origin - calcaneus
insertion - base of middle phalanges of lateral 4 toes

198
Q

function of flexor digitorum brevis: (2)

A

flexion of PIP and MTP joint

199
Q

what lies superficial to flexor digitorum brevis

A

the plantar aponeurosis

200
Q

muscles found in the lateral leg (2)

A
  1. fibularis brevis
  2. fibularis longus
201
Q

function of the lateral leg muscles together (3)

A
  • eversion of foot
  • plantar flexion of foot
  • aid in lateral arch support
202
Q

what do the tendons of the lateral muscles travel beneath before entering the foot?

A

the fibular retinaculum

203
Q

what is another name for the fibularis brevis and longus?

A
  • peroneus longus
  • peroneus brevis
204
Q

origin and insertion of fibularis brevis:

A

origin - lower two thirds of fibula
insertion - 5th metacarpal

205
Q

origin and insertion of fibularis longus

A

origin - upper two thirds of fibula
insertion - 1st metacarpal & medial cuneiform bone

206
Q

what innervates the muscles of the lateral leg? (1)

A

the common fibular nerve

207
Q

how many layers are there in the plantar muscles of the foot?

A

4

208
Q

what muscles are in the ‘superficial’ layer 1 of the plantar foot (3)

A
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digitorum brevis
  • abductor hallucis
209
Q

what muscles are in layer 2 of the plantar foot (4)

A
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus
  • lumbricals
  • quadratus plantae
210
Q

what neurovascular structures are found in layer two of plantar foot? (4)

A
  • medial & lateral plantar arteries
  • medial & lateral plantar nerves
211
Q

what muscles are found in layer 3 of the foot (3)

A
  • flexor digiti minimi
  • adductor hallucis
  • flexor hallucis brevis
212
Q

what muscles are located in the ‘deepest’ layer 4 of the plantar foot (4)

A
  • plantar interossei
  • dorsal interossei
  • fibularis longus
  • tibialis posterior
213
Q

lateral rotators of the gluteal region, from superior to inferior, & their origins (5)

A
  • piriformis - anterior surface of sacrum
  • superior gemellus - ischial spine
  • obturator internus - inside surface of obturator foramen
  • inferior gemellus - ischial tuberosity
  • quadratus femoris - ischial tuberosity
214
Q

what is considered the longest muscle of the lateral rotators of the gluteal region?

A

piriformis - extends to femur all the way from sacrum

215
Q

sural nerve: origin (2) and innervation (2)

A

origin:
* unity of tibial and peroneal nerve

innervation:
* sensory innervation to lateral aspect of foot and 5th toe

216
Q

saphenous nerve origin and innervation (2)

A

origin:
* femoral nerve

innervation:
* sensory innervation to medial aspect of foot & ankle

217
Q

deep fibular nerve origin and innervation: (2)

A

origin:
* common fibular nerve

innervation:
* motor - anterior compartments of leg
* sensory - skin between 1st and 2nd toes

218
Q

superficial fibular nerve origin and innervation (1)

A

origin - common fibular nerve
innervation:
* sensory - dorsum of foot

219
Q

has lots of motor innervation!

medial plantar nerve origin and innervation (5)

A

origin:
* tibial nerve

innervation:
* sensory - medial sole of foot
motor - abductor hallucis, flexor digitorum brevis, flexor hallucis brevis, 1st lumbrical

220
Q

lots of motor innervation!

lateral plantar nerve origin and sensory innervation:

A

origin:
* tibial nerve

Innervation:
* sensory - lateral sole of foot

221
Q

motor innervation of the lateral plantar nerve: (6)

A
  • abductor digiti minimi
  • flexor digiti minimi brevis
  • 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbricals
  • dorsal and plantar interossei
  • quadratus plantae
  • adductor hallucis
222
Q

arteries of the foot: (4)

A
  • medial plantar artery
  • lateral plantar artery
  • dorsalis pedis artery
  • arcuate artery
223
Q

what does the abdominal aorta split into?

A

common iliac arteries, left and right

224
Q

what does the common iliac artery split into

A

internal and external iliac artery

225
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply (3)

A
  • pelvic structures
  • gluteal region
  • medial thigh muscles
226
Q

what branches of the internal iliac artery supply the gluteal (2) and thigh region (1)

A
  • obturator artery
  • Superior gluteal artery
  • Inferior gluteal artery
227
Q

what is the deep branch of the common femoral artery?

A
  • profunda femoris artery
228
Q

what are the two main branches of the profunda femoris artery

A
  • lateral circumflex artery
  • medial circumflex artery
229
Q

after giving off the profunda femoris branch, what does the common femoral artery turn into?

A

superficial femoral artery

230
Q

what does the superficial femoral artery turn into when it travels through the adductor canal in the thigh?

A

popliteal artery

231
Q

what branches of the popliteal artery supply the knee joint?

A

genicular branches

232
Q

what does the popliteal artery divide into?

A
  • anterior tibial artery
  • posterior tibial artery
233
Q

posterior tibial artery path: (4)

A
  • descends along superficial surface of deep posterior muscles
  • gives of fibular artery
  • enters foot via tarsal tunnel
  • splits into lateral and medial plantar arteries
234
Q

what does the fibular artery supply? (1)

A

lateral compartment of leg

235
Q

anterior tibial artery path: (2)

A
  • passes into anterior compartment of leg through gap in interosseus membrane at its most superior part
  • descends down leg until foot
236
Q

what does the anterior tibial artery become as it enters the foot?

A

dorsalis pedis artery

237
Q

main branches of the dorsalis pedis artery (2)

A
  • deep plantar artery
  • lateral tarsal artery (arcuate)
238
Q

what does the deep plantar artery anastomose with, and what it forms

A
  • lateral plantar artery
  • forms the deep plantar arch
239
Q

what are the two systems of venous drainage in the lower limb

A

deep
superficial

240
Q

path of veins of the deep venous system: (2)

A
  • accompanies vessels of the arterial system
  • follows a similar naming structure to arterial system in lower limb
241
Q

what system of venous drainge drains into which?

A

superficial veins drain into deep vein system

242
Q

what are the two main veins of the superficial venous system in the leg?

A
  • small saphenous vein
  • great saphenous vein
243
Q

what side of the foot drains into the small saphenous vein? and the main vein that drains into it

A

lateral aspect of foot - dorsal venous arch

244
Q

what side of the foot drains into the great saphenous vein? and the main vein that drains into it

A

medial aspect of foot - medial marginal vein

245
Q

passage of small saphenous vein: (4)

A
  • arises from lateral aspect of dorsal venous arch
  • passes behind lateral malleolus and ascends leg
  • ascends posteriorly up leg
  • at level of knee drains into popliteal vein
246
Q

passage of great saphenous vein: (3)

A
  • passes in front of medial malleolus
  • runs along medial aspect of leg
  • drains into femoral vein
247
Q

what do perforating veins of the superficial venous system do? (1)

A
  • connect superficial venous system to deep venous system
248
Q

how is backflow prevented from deep to superficial venous system? (2)

A
  • deep venous system is at a higher pressure
  • valves also located at junctions between systems
249
Q

what type of vein forms if the valves don’t work in the superfical-deep vein drainage?

A

varicose vein - tortuous dilated vein

250
Q

what are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh (2)

A
  • sartorius
  • quadriceps
251
Q

functions over two joints

what are the functions of sartorius? (3 & 2)

A

hip:
* flexion
* weak abduction
* lateral thigh rotation

knee:
* flexion
* medial knee rotation

252
Q

what are the 4 muscles within quadriceps:

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus medialis
  • vastus intermedius
  • vast lateralis
253
Q

what quadricep muscle has an action at the hip as well as at the knee, and what is this action?

A

rectus femoris - hip flexion

254
Q

what similar function do all 4 quadricep muscles have?

A

knee extension

255
Q

insertion of the quadricep muscles: (2)

A
  • patella
  • tibial tuberosity
256
Q

Via what ligaemnt does the quadricep muscles insert onto the tibial tuberosity?

A

patella ligament

257
Q

what muscle of quadriceps do i have that is particularly overdeveloped?

A

vastus medialis

258
Q

advantages of having overdeveloped Vastus medialis (3)

A
  • improved knee stability
  • knee injury prevention as distributes forces more evenly across knee joint
  • improved knee extension force
259
Q

what is the medial compartment of the thigh also known as?

A

adductor compartment

260
Q

what are the 3 adductor muscles, named from superior-inferior

A
  • adductor Brevis
  • adductor longus
  • adductor magnus
261
Q

what is the most medial and most superficial muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

medial - gracillis
superficial - gracillis

262
Q

obturator externus function:

A
  • lateral rotation
  • adduction
263
Q

what are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh (6)

A
  • obturator externus
  • adductor brevis
  • adductor longus
  • adductor magnus
  • gracillis
  • pectineus
264
Q

what is the Pes Anserine?

A
  • a tendon on the medial aspect of the knee formed by the confluence 3 muscle tendons
265
Q

what are the 3 muscle tendons that form the pes anserine from superior-inferior?

A
  • Sartorius
  • Gracillis
  • Semitendinosus
266
Q

mnemonic to remember pes anserine tendon arrangement from superior-inferior

A

Say Grace before Tea

267
Q

what is the femoral triangle (2)

A
  • a triangular shaped depression
  • located in upper thigh region
268
Q

importance of the femoral triangle (2)

A
  • serves as a channel for structures entering and leaving anterior thigh
  • contains many important neurovascular structures
269
Q

clinical significance of the femoral triangle: (3)

A
  • femoral pulse can be measured here
  • access to femoral artery
  • femoral hernias manifest here
270
Q

boundaries of the femoral triangle: (3)

A

superior - inguinal ligament
medial - adductor longus
lateral - sartorius

271
Q

what makes up the floor of the femoral triangle? (2)

A
  • pectineus
  • iliopsoas muscle
272
Q

what are the contents of the femoral triangle? (from lateral to medial) (4)

A
  • Femoral nerve
  • Femoral artery
  • Femoral vein
  • Femoral canal
273
Q

what is the femoral canal? (1)

A
  • a canal containing deep lymph nodes and vessels
274
Q

what is the longest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve?

A
  • saphenous nerve - sensory innervation to skin on medial side of leg
275
Q

the nerve and artery that supplies the adductor muscles

A

obturator nerve and artery

276
Q

what does the femoral nerve supply (4)

A
  • iliacus
  • quadriceps
  • pectineus
  • sartorius
277
Q

what does the obturator nerve innervate (4)

A
  • obturator externus
  • adductor brevis
  • adductor longus
  • anterior part of adductor magnus
278
Q

what are the 5 adductor muscles?

A
  • adductor magnus
  • adductor longus
  • adductor brevis
  • pectineus
  • gracillis
279
Q

the largest adductor muscle:

A

adductor magnus

280
Q

origin and insertion (2) of adductor magnus:

A
  • origin - ischiopuic ramus outer boarder

insertion:
* linea aspera - upper
* adductor tubercle of femur - lower

281
Q

most posted of the 3 named adductor muscles:

A
  • magnus
282
Q

which is more inferior, adductor longus or brevis?

A
  • longus
283
Q

origin and insertion of adductor brevis:

A
  • origin - inferior pubis
  • insertion - femur
284
Q

adductor longus origin and insertion:

A
  • origin - body of pubis
  • insertion - femur
285
Q

shortest and longest of the adductor muscles:

A
  • longest - gracilis
  • shortest - pectineus
286
Q

pectineus origin and insertion:

A
  • origin - superior pubic ramus
  • insertion - pectineal line of femur
287
Q

gracilis origin (2)and insertion:

A
  • origin - inferior pubis ramus & ischial tuberosity
  • insertion - Pes anserine
288
Q

the most medial thigh muscle:

A
  • gracilis
289
Q

what are the 4 hip flexor muscles?

A
  • iliacus
  • psoas major
  • sartorius
  • rectus femoris
290
Q

what are the two main hip flexor muscles?

A
  • iliacus
  • psoas majro
291
Q

iliacus origin and insertion:

A
  • origin - inner aspect of wing of ileum
  • insertion - lesser trochanter
292
Q

psoas major origin and insertion:

A
  • origin - lumbar spine
  • insertion - lesser trochanter
293
Q

sartorius and rectus femoris origin:

A
  • ASIS - why it helps in hip flexion
294
Q

what is the deepest of the quadricep muscles?

A
  • vastus intermedius
295
Q

vastus intermedius origin

A
  • femur shaft
296
Q

vastus lateralis origin

A
  • linea aspera
297
Q

vastus medialis origin

A
  • medial edge of linea aspera
298
Q

what muscle covers the adductor canal?

A

sartorius

299
Q

origin and drainage of great saphenous vein:

A
  • origin - dorsal venous arch of foot
  • drainage - femoral vein
300
Q

superficial neurovascular structures of the anterior leg:

A
  • great saphenous vein
  • saphenous nerve
  • superficial fibular nerve
301
Q

(2)saphenous nerve innervation:

A
  • sensory, medial side of leg and foot
302
Q

origin of saphenous nerve:

A
  • femoral nerve
303
Q

superficial fibular nerve sensory innervation: (2)

A
  • lower 1/3 of lateral leg
  • dorsum of foot
304
Q

motor innervation of superficial fibular nerve: (2)

A

fibularis longus
fibularis brevis

305
Q

origin of superficial fibular nerve

A

common fibular nerve

306
Q

muscles of the anterior leg (4)

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • fibularis tertius
307
Q

origin and insertion (2) of tibialis anterior:

A
  • origin - upper lateral tibia
  • insertion - medial cuneiform and base of first metatarsal bone
308
Q

function of tibialis anterior: (2)

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • inversion of foot
309
Q

extensor hallucis longus origin and insertion:

A
  • origin: anterior fibula
  • insertion: distal phalanges of big toe
310
Q

extensor digitorum longus origin and insertion:

A
  • origin - lateral tibial condyle
  • insertion - middle and distal phalanges of toes
311
Q

fibularis tertius origin and insertion:

A
  • origin - fibular shaft
  • insertion - 5th metarsal
312
Q

function of fibularis tertius: (2)

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • eversion
313
Q

muscles from medial to lateral in anterior compartment of leg: (4)

A
  • tibialis anterior
  • extensor hallucis longus
  • extensor digitorum longus
  • fibularis tertius
314
Q

muscles on dorsum of the foot: (2)

A
  • extensor digitorum brevis
  • extensor hallucis brevis
315
Q

origin and insertion of extensor digitorum brevis:

A
  • origin - calcaneus
  • insertion - base of proximal phalanges of middle 3 toes
316
Q

extensor hallucis brevis origin and insertion:

A
  • origin - calcaneus
  • insertion - proximal phalanges big toe
317
Q

nerve supply of anterior leg muscles

A
  • deep fibuar nerve
318
Q

sensory innervation of the deep fibular nerves:

A
  • skin between 1st and second toes
319
Q

artery supply of anterio leg:

A
  • anterior tibial artery
320
Q

artery supply of dorsum of foot:

A
  • continuation of anterior tibial artery known as dorsalis pedis artery
321
Q

nerve supply of dorsum of foot:

A
  • deep fibular nerve
322
Q

which bone of the leg forms the knee joint?

A
  • tibia
323
Q

which bone of the leg forms the ankle joint?

A
  • both tibia and fibula
324
Q

what are the joints called that connect the tibia and fibula?

A
  • tibulofibular joint - proximal and distal
325
Q

difference in joint type between proximal and distal tibiofibular:

A
  • proximal - synovial
  • distal - fibrous
326
Q

what holds the tibia and fibular bones togteher distally?

A
  • anterior tibiofibular ligament
  • posterior tibofibular ligament
327
Q

what bpne articulates with the tibia and fibular to form the ankle joint?

A
  • talus
328
Q

what holds the ankle joint together on the medial side?

A

deltoid ligament

329
Q

what holds the ankle joint together on the lateral side?

A
  • posterior talofibular joint
  • anterior talofibular ligament
330
Q

where do the short extensor muscles of the toe lie in relation to the tendons of the long extensor muscles of the toe?

A
  • beneath the tendons of the long extensors
331
Q

what muscles does shin splints effect?

A
  • tibialis anterior
332
Q

sign of common fibular nerve injury:

A
  • foot drop - inability to dorsiflex foot
333
Q

what are the two parts of the extensor retinaculum in the foot?

A
  • superior
  • inferior - y shape
334
Q

how to remember the tendons & vessels that move pass medial malleolus from anterior to posterior:

A
  • Tom, Dick And Naughty Harry
335
Q

what does Tom, Dick And Naughty Harry stand for?

A
  • Tibialis posterior
  • lexor Digitorum longus
  • posterior tibial Artery
  • tibial Nerve
  • flexor Hallucis longus

Anatomy (5 decks)

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