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Anatomy > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

where is the posterior abdominal wall located? (2)

A
  • behind abdominal organs
  • extends from vertebral volumn to posterior aspects of abdominal cavity
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2
Q

what are the muscles included in the PAW? (4)

A
  • psoas major
  • psoas minor
  • iliacus
  • quadratus lumborum
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3
Q

what are the main parts of the PAW? (5)

A
  • muscles
  • vertebrae
  • thoracloumbar fascia
  • blood vessels
  • nerves
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4
Q

what is thoracolumbar fascia? (2)

A
  • strong connective tissues structure that covers the muscles of the lower back and forms a sheet
  • provides stability
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5
Q

retroperitoneal organs (2) vs intraperitoneal organs (2)

A

retroperitoneal:
* anchored to PAW
* lies behind parietal peritoneum

Intraperitoneal:
* anterior to PAW
* suspended within peritoneal cavity by mesentery

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6
Q

the two types of extraperitoneal organs:

A
  • rertoperitoneal
  • sub periotteal
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7
Q

what is a sub peritoneal organ?

A
  • an organ beneath the peritoneum of the abominal cavity
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8
Q

types of mesentery’s of the abdomen: (4)

A
  • SI mesentery = the mesentery
  • transverse colon mesentery = mesa colon
  • sigmoid colon mesentery = sigmoid colon
  • stomach mesentery = greater and lesser omentum
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9
Q

what is a secondary retroperitoneal organ? (3)

A
  • an organ that originally had a mesentery
  • was intrapertioneal
  • due to enlarging of other organs in evolution (e.g. the SI), has become pushed against the PAW
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10
Q

examples of secondary retroperitoneal organs: (3)

A
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
  • duodenum
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11
Q

what is the lesser sac of the abdominal peritoneum also known as?

A
  • omental bursa
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12
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the lesser sac?

A
  • superior recess
  • inferior recess
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13
Q

what are the 3 divisions of the gut?

A
  • foregut
  • midgut
  • hindgut
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14
Q

what does the foregut contain? (6)

A
  • oeseophagus
  • stomach
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • first part of duodenum
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15
Q

what does the midgut contain? (7)

A
  • second part of duodenum
  • jejuunum
  • ileum
  • cecum
  • appedix
  • ascending colon
  • first 2-thirds of transverse colon
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16
Q

what does the hindgut contain? (5)

A
  • last 1/3 of transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • upper part of anal canal
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17
Q

what is the trunk that supplys to the foregut?

A
  • coeliac trunk
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18
Q

what are the branches of the coeliac trunk? (3)

A
  • left gastric artery
  • splenic artery
  • common hepatic artery
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19
Q

what does the left gastric artery supply? (2)

A
  • the lesser curvature of the stomach
  • lower part of oesophagus
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20
Q

what does the splenic artery supply? (3)

A
  • spleen
  • part of stomach
  • part of pancreas
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21
Q

what does the common hepatic artery divide into and supply? (2)

A
  • proper hepatic artery - liver
  • gastroduodenal artery - first part of duodenum
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22
Q

where vertebral evel is the coeliac trunk found?

A

T12

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23
Q

what does the proper hepatic artery further split into, and supply (4)?

A
  • right gastric artery - lesser curvature of stomach
  • cystic artery - gall bladder
  • left hepatic artery - liver
  • right heptic artery - liver
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24
Q

what does the gstroduodenal artery further split into and supply (3)?

A
  • supra duodenal artery - superior aspect of duodenum
  • right gastroepiploic artery - inferior greater curvature of stomach
  • superior pancreatic duodenal artery - duodenum and pancreas
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25
Q

what boundary does the pelvid brim/pelvic inlet mark?

A
  • boundary between abdominal and pelvic cavities
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26
Q

what is the omentum? (2)

A
  • two folds of peritoneum, that line the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs
  • plats role in supporting and protecting abdominal organs
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27
Q

the greater omentum: (origin, location and role)

A
  • hangs down from greater curavture of stomach
  • drapes over abominal organs
  • contains lymph nodes and immune cells to respond to infections and inflammation
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28
Q

why is the greater omentum known as the policeman of the abdomen?

A
  • it can migrate to areas of inflammation to help contain infections or seal off injured areas
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29
Q

what ligaments are there in the greater omentum, and what they connect: (3)

A
  • gastrocolic ligament - greater curvature of stomach and transverse colon
  • gastrosplenic ligament - stomach to spleen
  • gastrophrenic ligament - stomach to diaphragm
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30
Q

what does the gastrocolic ligament contain?

A
  • blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels to stomach and transverse colon
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31
Q

the lesser omentum location (2)

A
  • extends from lesser curvature of stomach and proximal duodenum
  • to the liver
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32
Q

the two ligaments of the lesser omentum:

A
  • hepatogastric ligament - liver and lesser curvature of stomach
  • hepatoduodenal ligament - liver to first part of duodenum
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33
Q

what important structure does the lesser omentum contain?

A
  • the portal triad
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34
Q

how is the foregut attachment different from the rest of the GI tract?

A
  • attached at the back and front to abdominal wall by 2 double folds of peritoneum
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35
Q

what are the attachments that connect the foregut to the abdominal wall called?

A
  • Dorsal mesogastrium = back
  • ventral mesogatrium front
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36
Q

what is the epiploic foramen? (2)

A
  • the only opening in the peritoneum that connects the greater and lesser sac
  • located posterior to free edge of lesser omentum - the bit that connects the liver to lesser curvature of stomach
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37
Q

how does the epiploic foramen form? (2)

A
  • duodenum is stuck against liver
  • leaves small section of lower free boarder of lesser omentum
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38
Q

what are the 3 arteries that supply the GI tract, and which part:

A
  • foregut - coeliac artery
  • midgut - superior mesenteric artery
  • hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery
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39
Q

what are the peritoneal attachments of the liver also referred to as?

A

ligaments

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40
Q

what are the peritoneal attachments of the liver? (4)

A
  • falciform ligament
  • coronary ligament
  • right triangular ligament
  • left triangular ligament
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41
Q

origin, insertion, anterior boarder, posterior boarder, what it contains

the falciform ligament: (5)

A
  • origin - diaphragm
  • insertion - highest part of liver, down to hepatic notch
  • anterior boarder attaches to abdominal wall
  • posterior boarder hangs free
  • contains ligamentum teres
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42
Q

what does the falciform ligament line of attachment do?

A
  • divide the liver into the left (smaller) and right (larger) lobes
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43
Q

what is the ligamentum teres

A
  • a remnant of the foetal umbilical vein
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44
Q

the coronary ligament: (2)

A
  • located on superior posterior part of liver
  • surrounds front of inferior vena cava
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45
Q

the right and left triangular ligaments: (2)

A
  • formed where the anterior and posterior layers of the coronary ligament meet on the left and right side
  • attaches to the right/left lobe of liver
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46
Q

the stomach position relative to the costal margin:

A
  • more than half of stomach lies above level of costal margin
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47
Q

the junctions of the stomach: (2)

A
  • gastro-esophageal junction - where oesophageus meets stomach
  • pyloric junction - where stomach meets duodenum
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48
Q

what is the most superior part of the somach called?

A
  • the fundus
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49
Q

what is the narrow part of the stomach called?

A
  • the pyloric antrum
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50
Q

the walls of the GI tract: (2)

A
  • outer layer of smooth muscle
  • inner layer of mucosa
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51
Q

difference between mucosa in the fundus and pyloric antrum of the stomach: (2)

A
  • fundus = smooth
  • pyloric antrum = prominent longitudinal folds known as ruggae
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52
Q

which of the two sphincters of the stomach is more effective?

A
  • pyloric sphincter
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53
Q

what is the biliary system?

A
  • a network of ducts and structures (organs) that play a crucial role in production, storage and transportation of bile
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54
Q

what does the biliary system include? (7)

A
  • lliver
  • gallbladder
  • common bile duct
  • pancreatic duct
  • amupulla of Vater
  • Hepatic ducts
  • Cystic ducts
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55
Q

what are ampulla of Vater? (3)

A
  • smal opening
  • where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct
  • enter the duodenum
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56
Q

what do hepatic ducts do?

A
  • carry bile away from liver
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57
Q

what do cystic ducts do? (2)

A
  • connect gallbladder to common hepatic duct
  • allows flow of bile from gallbladder to common bile duct
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58
Q

where does the common bile duct end up? (2)

A
  • duodenum
  • enters at the duodenal papilla
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59
Q

what 2 structures enter the duodenum at the duodenal papilla?

A
  • common bile duct
  • pancreatic duct
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60
Q

main functions of the spleen? (2)

A
  • blood filtration - removees old/damaged RBCs from blood stream and also debris
  • immune response - contains WBCs, lymphocytes and macrophages
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61
Q

ligaments

what are the two folds of peritoneum that connect to the spleen?

A
  • gastrosplenic ligament - at the front, connects to stomach
  • Lienorenal ligament - at the back, loose connection to left kidney
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62
Q

what vessels supplies the spleen, and where they enter the spleen?

A
  • splenic blood vessels
  • hilum of spleen
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63
Q

what is the hilum of the spleen?

A
  • refers where the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels enter ane exit organs (spleen in this case)
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64
Q

the superior and inferior boundary of the abdominal cavity:

A
  • superior - diaphragm
  • inferior - pelvic inlet
65
Q

what is peritonitis?

A
  • inflammation of the peritoneum
66
Q

the three components of the portal triad and their position:

A
  • bile duct - anterior right
  • hepatic duct - anterior left
  • portal vein - posterior
67
Q

the boundaries of the epiploic foramen: (4)

A
  • anterior - hepatoduodenal ligament
  • posterior = IVC
  • superior = liver
  • inferior = 1st part of duodenum
68
Q

what is splenomegaly?

A
  • enlargement of the spleen
69
Q

what is the large intestine mesentery called?

A
  • mesacolon
70
Q

divisions of the splenic artery that supply the stomach: (2)

A
  • short gastric artery - fundus of stomach
  • left gastro-epiploic artery - greater curvature of stomach
71
Q

the common hepatic artery branches that supply the stomach: (2)

A

gastroduodenal artery
* right gastroduodenal artery - greater curvature of stomach

hepatic artery proper:
* right gastric artery - lesser curvature of the stomach

72
Q

what are the specific branches of the coeliac truk that supply the stomach: (5)

A
  • left gastric artery
  • right gastric artery
  • left gastro-epiploic artery
  • right gastro-epiploic artery
  • short gastric artery
73
Q

what level does the bifurcation of the aorta occur?

A

T12

74
Q

the steps of hepatic circulation: (11)

A
  1. heart
  2. arteries
  3. arterioles
  4. capillary 1 - lamina propria
  5. venules
  6. veins (hepatic portal system)
  7. venules
  8. capillary 2 - hepatic sinusoids
  9. venules
  10. veins
  11. heart
75
Q

3 the features tha distinguish the large from small intestine, and what are they?

A
  1. appendices epiploicae - fatty projections
  2. taenia coli - 3 bands of longitudinal layers of smooth muscles of the wall
  3. haustria - sacculations of the wall between the taenia coli
76
Q

what are the jejunum and ileum?

A
  • jejunum - middle section of SI
  • ileum - final section of SI
77
Q

differences of jejunum compared to ileum: (3)

A

jejunum is:
* wider
* thicker wall
* large, tall and closely packed pilcae circulares

78
Q

what are pilcae circulares, and 2 major functions?

A
  • folds of mucous membrane found in the SI
  • slows down movement of chyme (food)
  • increases SA
79
Q

at what vertebral level does the superior mesenteric artery branch off?

A

L1

80
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery give rise to to the SI? (2)

A
  • the jejunal and ileal branches
81
Q

what do the jejunal and ileal branches give rise to? (2)

A
  • vasa recta - short striaght arteries
  • arterial arcades
82
Q

which branch has more arterial arcades, the jejunum or ileal branch?

A
  • ileum
83
Q

in which branch are the vasa recta shorter, jejunum or ileum?

A
  • ileum
84
Q

blood supply from the superior mesenteric artery to the LI: (3)

A
  • middle colic
  • right colic
  • ilio colic
85
Q

the branches of the superior mesenteric artery: (6)

A
  1. inferior pancreatic duodenal artery
  2. jejunal branches
  3. ileal branches
  4. middle colic
  5. right colic
  6. ileocolic
86
Q

4 for iliocolic

what do the right, middle and ilio-colic artery supply?

A
  • right - ascending colon
  • middle - transverse colon
  • iliocolic - terminal ileum, appendix, cecum and part of ascending colon
87
Q

where does the inferior mesenteric artery arise, vertebral level?

A

L3

88
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric artery give rise to? (3)

A
  • left colic artery
  • sigmoid arteries
  • superior rectal artery
89
Q

two branches

what does the left colic artery supply? (3)

A
  • ascending branch - distal transverse colon & upper ascending colon
  • descending branch - lower descending colon
90
Q

what do the branches of the left colic artery anastomose with?

A
  • ascending branch - middle colic artery
  • descending branch - sigmoid artery
91
Q

how many sigmoid arteries are there?

A
  • varies from 2-4
92
Q

what do the sigmoid arteries supply? (1)

A
  • sigmoid colon
93
Q

what do the branches of the sigmoid arteries anastomose with? (2)

A
  • left colic artery
  • superior rectal artery
94
Q

what does ths superior rectal artery supply?

A

upper rectum

95
Q

what does the superior rectal artery anastomose with? (2)

A
  • middle and inferior rectal arteries
96
Q

what is the first branch of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  • the superior rectal artery
97
Q

where do the gastroc veins drain blood from and to?

A
  • lesser curvature of the stomach
  • portal vein
98
Q

where do the gastroepiploic veins drain blood to? (2)

A
  • portal and splenic vein
99
Q

what vein drains all the midgut organs?

A
  • superior mesenteric vein
100
Q

the 3 primary tissues where blood drains to both hepatic portal system and caval veins?

A
  • oesophagus
  • rectum
  • anterior abdominal wall
101
Q

the primary portal and caval vein of the oesophageal region:

A
  • portal - left gastric vein to HPV
  • cval - oesophageal vein to azygous vein
102
Q

4 for each - pathway

the primary portal and caval vein of the rectum region:

A

portal:
* superior rectal vein
* to inferior mesenteric vein
* into splenic vein
* into HPV

caval:
* middle/inferior veins
* into internal iliac vein
* into common iliac vein
* into IVC

103
Q

the primary portal (1) and caval vein (4) of the anterior abdominal wall

A

Portal:
* periumbilical veins to HPV

Caval:
* superficial epigastric vein
* into femoral vein
* into external iliac vein
* into common iliac vein

104
Q

where do the sympathetic nerves supplying the abdomen originate at the vertebral level: (2)

A
  • T5-T12
  • L1-L3
105
Q

what is the parasympathetic supply to the abdomen?

A
  • the vagus nerve
106
Q

where does the aorta bificate?

A
  • L4
107
Q

what is the aortic plexus that surrounds the coeliac trunk?

A
  • the coeliac plexus
108
Q

what aortic plexus surrounds the superior mesenteric artery:

A
  • superior mesenteric plexus
109
Q

what aortic plexus surrounds he inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  • the inferior mesenteric plexus
110
Q

what aortic plexus surrounds the bifurcation of the aorta?

A
  • the superior hypogastric plexus
111
Q

what aortic plexus surrounds the internal iliac artery?

A
  • the inferior hypogastric plexus (2 of them)
112
Q

what two of the plexuses are connected and how?

A
  • superior and inferior hypogastric plexus
  • by hypogastric nerves
113
Q

what are the 3 pre aortic ganglia where the abdominal nerves from the sympathetic chain go? and which thoracic nerves from which vertebrae go to which:

A
  • the coeliac ganglia - T5-T9
  • the superior mesenteric ganglia - T19-T12
  • the inferior mesenteric ganglia - L1-L3
114
Q

what are the main sympathetic nerves of the abdomen? (4)

A
  • the greater, lesser, least & lumbar splanchnic nerves
115
Q

the main parasympathetic nerves of the abdomen: (2)

A
  • vagus nerve
  • pelvic splanchnic nerves
116
Q

where do the pelvic splanchnic nerves arise?

A

S2-S4

117
Q

which parasympathetic nerve supplies which part of the abdomen:

A
  • vagus nerve - foregut and midgut
  • pelvic splanchnic nerves - hindgut
118
Q

what is the cecum? (2)

A
  • the side passage at the beginning of the alrge intestine
  • hangs downward in right iliac fossa
118
Q

what are the 2 branches of the portal vein?

A
  • superior mesenteric
  • splenic
119
Q

boarders of the spleen: (5)

A
  • anterior - stomach
  • posterior - diaphragm
  • inferior - left colic flexure
  • superior - diaphragm
  • medially - left kidney
120
Q

the 4 main sections of the aorta:

A
  • ascending aorta
  • aortic arch
  • thoracic aorta
  • abdominal aorta
121
Q

the abdominal aorta: where it begins, ends, position to IVC,

A
  • begins at T12
  • ends at L4
  • lies to left of IVC
122
Q

what does the superior mesenteric artery supply (the region)? (2)

A
  • intestine - from duodenum up to first 2/3s of colon
  • head of pancreas
123
Q

the inferior mesenteric artery supply: (2)

A
  • rest of colon, last 1/3
  • rectum
124
Q

the 3 large paired lateralbranches of the abdominal aorta:

A
  • suprarenal
  • renal
  • gonadal
125
Q

what is the biggest branch of the paired branches of the abdominal aorta?

A
  • the renal
126
Q

what are the 5 paired abdominal wall branches of the aorta?

A
  • inferior phrenic branch
  • 4 lumbar branches
127
Q

nmeumonic to remeber the 6 branches of the lumbar plexus:

A
  • **I **(twice)
  • Get
  • Laid
  • On
  • Fridays
128
Q

what are the 6 nerves of the lumbar plexus:

A
  • Iliohypogastric
  • Ilioinguinal
  • Gentiofemoral
  • Lateral femoralcutaneous
  • Obturator
  • Femoral nerve
129
Q

within what muscle does the lumbar plexus form?

A
  • the psoas major muscle
130
Q

where the nerves leave the psoas major muscle

A
  • Anterior - genitofemoral nerve
  • medial - obturator nerve
  • Laterally - the other 4
131
Q

what are the two parts of the diaphragm?

A
  • aponeurotic part
  • muscular part
132
Q

what is the aponeurotic part of the diaphragm? (2)

A
  • the central part
  • the ligament part
133
Q

what is the 3 sections of the muscular part of the diaphragm, and there specific attachments?

A
  • sternal part - xiphoid process
  • costal part - inferior 6 costal cartilages and ribs (6-12)
  • lumbar part - L1-L3
134
Q

what are the arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm? (3)

A
  • median arcuate ligament
  • medial arcuate ligament
  • lateral arcuate ligament
135
Q

what nerves innervate the peripheral part of the diaphragm?

A
  • the lower 6/7 intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves
136
Q

the blood supply of the adrenal glands: superior, middle, and inferior

A
  • Superior - the inferior phrenic artery
  • Middle - aorta
  • Inferior - renal artery
137
Q

difference in the shapes of the adrenal glands:

A
  • right - pyramidal shaped
  • left - crescentic shaped
138
Q

which kidney lies slightly superior and why?

A
  • left
  • due to presence of liver
139
Q

what vertebral level are the kidneys located?

A
  • T12-L3
140
Q

what are ureters? (4)

A
  • muscular ducts
  • transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder
  • retroperiotneal structures
  • pass over pelvic brim at bifurcation of common iliac arteries
141
Q

what are the narrowing sites along the ureters?

A
  • constriction potential sites
142
Q

how many constriction potential sites are there along the ureters, and where are they:

A

Three
1. junction of ureters and renal pelvis
2. where ureter crosses pelvic brim
3. during passage through wall of urinary bladder

143
Q

what does the iliohypogastric nerve innervate? (2)

A
  • muscles of anterior abdominal wall
  • skin of suprapubic region
144
Q

what does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate? (4)

A
  • muscles of anterior abdominal wall
  • skin of anteriormedial part of thigh
  • skin of scrotum and root of penis
  • skin of labia and root of clitoris
145
Q

what does the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve supply? (1)

A
  • anterolateral part of thigh
146
Q

the branches of the genitofemoral nerve: (2)

A
  • genial branch
  • femoral branch
147
Q

what does the genial branch supply (3)

A
  • cremaster muscle
  • skin of anterior scrotum
  • skin of labia majora
148
Q

what does the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve supply?

A
  • skin of upper and anterior thigh
149
Q

lymphatic drainage from the alientary tract, liver, spleen & pancreas: (2)

A
  • pre-aortic lymph nodes: coeliac, superior & inferior mesenteric nodes
  • intestinal lymphatic trunk
150
Q

lymphatic drainage from the PAW, kidneys, ureters & testes (2)

A
  • lumbar lymph nodes
  • lumbar lymphatic trunks
151
Q

what are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall from superficial to deep? (6)

A
  1. skin
  2. superficial fascia
  3. muscles
  4. transversalis fascia
  5. extraperitoneal fat
  6. parietal peritoneum
152
Q

what can the superficial fascia be divided into? (2)

A
  • campers fascia - fatty layer
  • Sarcpa.s fascia - membranous layer
153
Q

origin and insertion of the inguinal ligament

A
  • origin - ASIS
  • insertion - pubic tubercle
154
Q

function of the inguinal ligament (2)

A
  • forms base of inguinal canal
  • supports abdominal wall
155
Q

what is the deep fascia of the anterior abdominal wall:

A

the transversalis fascia

156
Q

what is the transversalis fascia function: (2)

A
  • structural support
  • forms part of inguinal canal
157
Q
A

Anatomy (5 decks)

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