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Anatomy T1&2 > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

the “hip” is the area between the ______ ________ and the iliac crest

A

greater trochanter

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2
Q

the “thigh” is the area between the greater trochanter and the ________

A

knee

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3
Q

the “leg” is the segment of the inferior limb between the knee and the ________

A

ankle

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4
Q

in the foot, we have ____ bones in a total of 3 sections `

A

26

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5
Q

____ tarsal bones, ____ metatarsal bones and ____ phalanges

A

7
5
14

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6
Q

the _______ surface is the top of the foot

A

dorsal

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7
Q

the _______ surface is the sole of the foot

A

plantar

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8
Q

the _______ is the most proximal bone of the foot

A

talus

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9
Q

the top of the talus is called the ________

A

trochlea

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10
Q

the medial aspect of the talus is the facet for the ________ _________

A

medial malleolus

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11
Q

the lateral aspect of the talus is the facet for the ________ __________

A

lateral malleolus

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12
Q

T/F the dome of the talus is slightly convex from anterior to posterior

A

true

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13
Q

the body of the talus is the ________ portion of the bone

A

posterior

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14
Q

the head of the talus is the most ________ portion

A

anterior

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15
Q

the neck of the talus is the narrowing between the ________ and _______

A

body and head

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16
Q

the __________ is the largest and strongest bone in the foot

A

calcaneus

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17
Q

the __________ of the calcaneus contacts the ground

A

tuberosity

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18
Q

a small tubercle anterior and inferior to the tip of the lateral malleolus is called the _______ _______

A

fibular trochlea

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19
Q

a medially projecting “shelf” of the calcaneus that supports the talus is called the __________ __________

A

sustentaculum tali

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20
Q

a hollow on the lateral aspect of the foot formed by the groove of the talus and the groove of the calcaneus is known as the _______ ______

A

sinus tarsi

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21
Q

the __________ is on the medial aspect of the foot, articulating posteriorly with the talus and anteriorly with the 3 cuneiforms

A

navicular

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22
Q

the _________ are 3 wedge shaped bones that articulate with the numerically corresponding metatarsals

A

cuneiforms

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23
Q

the __________ is located on the lateral aspect of the foot - articulating anteriorly with the 4th and 5th metatarsals and posteriorly with the calcaneus

A

cuboid

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24
Q

the _________ range from numbers 1-5, consisting of a base, shaft and head

A

metatarsals

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25
Q

the tuberosity of the 5th, is aka the _______ process - located on the lateral side of the base

A

styloid

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26
Q

the 1st MT has 2 __________ bones

A

sesamoid

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27
Q

a sesamoid bone is a _____ embedded in a ___________

A

bone embedded in a tendon

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28
Q

there are ____ phalanges with 3 bones per toe except the ______ one which has only two

A

14
first

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29
Q

the __________ refers to the talus and calcaneus

A

hindfoot

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30
Q

the ________ refers to the navicular, cuboid and 3 cuneiforms

A

midfoot

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31
Q

the __________ refers to the 5 MTs and 14 phalanges

A

forefoot

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32
Q

the padded portion of the sole of the foot at the MT heads is the ______ of the foot

A

ball

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33
Q

____________ is when the dorsal surface of the foot moves superiorly through the sagittal plane around the ML axis

A

dorsiflexion

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34
Q

____________ is when the plantar surface of the foot moves inferiorly through the sagittal plane around the ML axis

A

plantar flexion

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35
Q

___________is the movement of the foot towards the mid-sagittal plane

A

inversion

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36
Q

____________ is the movement of the foot away from the mid-sagittal plane

A

eversion

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37
Q

T/F inversion and eversion occur in the frontal plane around the AP axis

A

true

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38
Q

__________ of the forefoot occurs when the forefoot moves away from the body

A

abduction

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39
Q

__________ of the forefoot occurs when the forefoot moves towards the body

A

adduction

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40
Q

T/F adduction and abduction at the foot happen in the transverse plane around the vertical axis

A

true

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41
Q

___________ is a combination movement of dorsiflexion, eversion and forefoot abduction

A

pronation

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42
Q

__________ is a combination movement of plantarflexion, inversion and forefoot adduction

A

supination

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43
Q

the ________ is the “shin bone” and is the primary weight bearing bone of the leg

A

tibia

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44
Q

the ________ carries 1/6th of the body weight

A

fibula

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45
Q

the ________ ________ is the lateral projection of the ankle

A

lateral malleolus

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46
Q

________ tubercle - a large prominence lateral and superior to the tibial tuberosity

A

Gerdy’s

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47
Q

the proximal tib/fib joint is a synovial _______ joint

A

plane

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48
Q

available movements at the proximal tib/fib joint included limited ________ and ________ glide with dorsiflexion and limited _________ and ________ glide with plantar flexion

A

superior and posterior (Dorsi)
inferior and anterior (plantar)

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49
Q

The _________ ligament of the fibular head attaches at the anterior proximal tibia & anterior proximal fibula

50
Q

the ___________ ligament of the fibular head attaches to the posterior proximal tibia and posterior proximal fibular

51
Q

the distal end of the fibula articulates with the distal end of the ________

52
Q

strong connective tissue between the tibia and the fibular which thickens at the distal end is called the ___________ ____________

A

interossesous membrane

53
Q

the distal end of the tibia and fibula articulate with the __________ (dome) of the talus

54
Q

the talocrural joint is a synovial _________ joint

55
Q

the distal tibiofibular joint is a _________ joint

56
Q

the _________ ligament is made up of four ligaments

57
Q

the deltoid ligament attaches to the medial ________ and the ________ bones of the medial foot

A

medial malleolus and the tarsal bones of the medial foot

58
Q

the deltoid ligament checks _________ of the ankle

59
Q

T/F the deltoid ligament is so strong that if injured can lead to an avulsion fracture

60
Q

the _________ ___________ ligament attaches to the lateral malleolus and the neck of the talus

A

anterior talofibular

61
Q

the ATFL checks ___________ (Especially when the ankle is plantar flexed)

62
Q

you can palpate the ATFL through the ________ _______

A

sinus tarsi

63
Q

T/F the ATFL is the most commonly injured ligament in the foot (95% of ankle sprains)

64
Q

the ____________ ligament attaches onto the lateral malleolus and the lateral calcaneus

A

calcaneofibular ligament

65
Q

the CFL checks _________ (when the ankle is in neutral)

66
Q

the ___________ calcaneal bursa is located between the achilles tendon and the overlying skin

A

subcutaneous

67
Q

the ____________calcaneal bursa is located between the achilles tendon and the calcaneus

A

subtendinous

68
Q

the ________ joint is the inferior aspect of the talus articulating with the superior calcaneus

69
Q

the subtalar joint is a synovial _______ joint

70
Q

available movements at the subtalar joint include __________ and __________

A

inversion and eversion

71
Q

the ___________________ joint is the articulation between the talus, the calcaneus, and the navicular

A

talocalcaneonavicular

72
Q

the talocalcaneonavicular joint is a synovial _______ and ________ joint that helps increase the inversion/eversion range

A

ball and socket

73
Q

the plantar _____________ ligament is aka the spring ligament

A

calcaneonavicular

74
Q

the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament attaches onto the _____________ ______ and the posteroinferior surface of the navicular

A

sustentaculum tali

75
Q

T/F if the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament is stretched, the head of the talus can sink in - resulting in pes planus

76
Q

the articulation between the calcaneus and the cuboid is the _____________ joint

A

calcaneocuboid

77
Q

the calcaneocuboid joint is a synovial __________ joint

78
Q

the _______ ___________ ligament helps maintain the arch of the foot

A

long plantar

79
Q

the long plantar ligament attaches on the plantar surface of the _________, cuboid, and the bases of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th MTs to form a tunnel for the tendon of __________ ___________

A

calcaneus
peroneus longus

80
Q

the transverse tarsal joint is aka the ___________ joint

81
Q

the midtarsal joint is technically both the ______________ joint and the ___________ joint

A

talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint

82
Q

T/F there is little movement at the intertarsal, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints due to tight binding by the ligaments

83
Q

the _______________ joints are the heads of the metatarsals articulating with the bases of the proximal phalanges

A

metatarsophalangeal

84
Q

the metatarsophalangeal joints are synovial _________ joints

85
Q

the head of one __________ articulates with the base of the ___________ distal to it

A

phalanx x2

86
Q

the interphalangeal joints are synovial ________ joints

87
Q

available movements at the interphalangeal joints includes _________ and _________

A

flexion and extension

88
Q

the bones of the foot form arches which act as ________ __________ - the arches distribute the stresses through the bones of the foot

A

shock absorbers

89
Q

name the 3 arches of the foot

A

medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and transverse

90
Q

the arches of the foot are maintained by which of the following?

a) the shape of the interlocking bones
b) the ligaments
c) the fascia
d) the action of the muscles
e) all of the above

A

e) all of the above

91
Q

T/F the medial longitudinal arch is always in contact with the ground

92
Q

T/F the medial longitudinal arch is more involved in propulsion than weight bearing

93
Q

T/F the lateral longitudinal arch is more involved in weight-bearing than propulsion

94
Q

the _________ arch involves the whole length of the foot

A

transverse

95
Q

the plantar fascia is aka the plantar ____________

A

aponeurosis

96
Q

the plantar fascia attaches to the medial calcaneal tubercle and the ___________ phalanx of each toe

97
Q

T/F the plantar aponeurosis continues with the fascia of the calf

98
Q

as the toes extend, the plantar fascia tightens (because it crosses the MTPs) - as it tightens, it pulls the calcaneus anteriorly and elevates the arches putting the foot into supination this is known as the _____________ mechanism

A

windlass mechanism

99
Q

T/F the windlass mechanism only occurs during active use of the foot

100
Q

the longest and heaviest bone in the body is the ___________

101
Q

the patellar surface is aka the _________ groove

102
Q

the________ _______ is a rough ridge with two lips on the posterior surface of the femur

A

linea aspera

103
Q

__________
superior attachment: lateral condyle of the femur

inferior attachment: the posterior proximal surface of the tibia

action: weak flexion of the knee

action: medial rotation of the knee (key)

104
Q

when the knee is fully extended, the tibia rotates laterally which locks the knee into a more stable position - this is the _______ ________ mechanism

A

screw home

105
Q

to flex the knee, the _________ medially rotates the tibia to “unlock” the knee and allow it to flex

106
Q

there are 4 compartments to the knee

  2. 3.
    4.
A

anterior, lateral, superficial posterior and deep posterior

107
Q

T/F the muscles in a compartment share the same general function, the same nerve supply and the same blood supply

108
Q

__________ __________

superior attachment: superior 1/2 of the tibia, interosseus membrane

inferior attachment: base of the 1st MT

action: dorsiflexion

action: inversion

A

tibialis anterior

109
Q

___________ __________ _________

superior attachment: anterior, middle fibula

inferior attachment: base of the distal phalanx of the 1st toe

action: MTP extension

action: assists in dorsiflexion, inversion

A

extensor hallucis longus (EHL)

110
Q

________ ________ _________

superior attachment: proximal 3/4 of the anterior fibula/ interosseus membrane

inferior attachment: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes

actions: dorsiflexion, eversion, and extension of the MTPs, PIPs, DIPs 2nd-5th digits

A

extensor digitorum longus (EDL)

111
Q

___________ __________

superior attachment: anterior distal fibula

inferior attachment: base of 5th MT (dorsal surface)

actions: weak dorsiflexion and eversion

A

peroneus tertius

112
Q

T/F peroneus tertius is very common

113
Q

__________ __________

superior attachment: lateral proximal 2/3rds of the fibula

inferior attachment: base of the 1st MTP

(passes through the tunnel formed by the extension of the long plantar ligament)

action: plantar flexion and eversion

A

peroneus longus

114
Q

peroneus longus forms a _________ with tibialis anterior at the base of 1st MT

115
Q

___________ __________

superior attachment: lateral 2/3rd of fibular

inferior attachment: tuberosity of the 5th MT

actions: plantar flexion and eversion

A

peroneus brevis

116
Q

________________

superior attachment: 2 heads attaching to the medial and lateral femoral condyles

inferior attachment: calcaneus

actions: plantar flexion and weak knee flexion

A

gastrocnemius

117
Q

_________

superior attachment: proximal post. fibula, soleal line (tibia) and 1/3rd medial border of tibia

inferior attachment: calcaneus (via achilles tendon)

action: plantar flexion

118
Q

gastrox & soleus together are referenced as the _________ _______

A

triceps surae

119
Q

____________

superior attachment: distal lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur

inferior attachment: calcaneus NOT via the achilles tendon

action: plantar flexion & weak knee flexion

120
Q

T/F plantaris is a weak muscle but if it ruptures there can be extreme pain

121
Q

gastrox and soleus share a common distal tendon called the _________ tendon which attaches to the calcaneus

122
Q

__________ ___________

superior attachment: posterior tibia

inferior attachment: navicular tuberosity

action: plantar flexion & inversion

A

tibialis posterior

Anatomy T1&2 (2 decks)

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