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Year Three Anatomy > Lower Limb 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Lower Limb 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the lower limb

A

Superficial and deep veins

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2
Q

What are the superficial veins of the lower limb?

A

Great and small saphenous vein

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3
Q

How is the great saphenous vein formed?

A

From the dorsal venous arches of the foot and the dorsal vein of the big toe

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4
Q

What is the course of the great saphenous vein?

A

Ascends up the medial aspect of the leg, passing anteriorly to the medial malleolus at the ankle and posterior to the medial condyle at the knee

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5
Q

How is the small saphenous vein formed?

A

Dorsal venous arch of the foot and the dorsal vein of the little toe

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6
Q

What is the course of the small saphenous vein?

A

It moves up the posterior aspect of the leg, passing posteriorly to the lateral malleolus, along the lateral border of the calcanea tendon and moves between the two heads of the gastrocnemius and empties into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

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7
Q

Describe the deep veins of the leg

A

They accompany the major arteries in the limbs

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8
Q

What is the significance of venous stasis in the leg

A

Common cause of thrombosis

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9
Q

What are some causes of venous stasis?

A

Muscular inactivity or external pressure on veins

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10
Q

Describe the lymphatics of the lower limb

A

Two categories: deep and superficial

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11
Q

What are the groups of deep lymph nodes in the lower limb?

A
  1. Deep inguinal

2. Popliteal

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12
Q

What is the group of superficial lymph nodes in the lower limb?

A
  1. Superficial inguinal
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13
Q

Where do lymph vessels following the great and small saphenous veins drain into respectively?

A

Great saphenous - Superficial inguinal

Small saphenous - Popliteal

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14
Q

How is the acetabulum well adapted to its role?

A

Lined with a fibrocartilage collar called the labrum that is thicker in weight bearing areas

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15
Q

Outline the ligaments of the hip joint

A

Iliofemoral ligament and pubofemoral ligament

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16
Q

What is the function of the ligaments of the lower limb

A

Iliofemoral ligament - prevents hyperextension

Pubofemoral ligament - prevents hyperabduction

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17
Q

How is the arrangement fo the hip ligaments protective the hip while extended?

A

Spiral formation tightens the joint when the limb is extended

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18
Q

What compartment of the lower limb allows for flexion at the hip?

A

Anterior (flexor) compartment

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19
Q

Name the flexors of the hip

A

Iliopsoas (main flexor)
Pectineus
Sartorius
Rectus femoris

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20
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the iliopsoas muscle

A

Formed by the iliacus and psoas muscles

Originates from the lumbar vertebrae and attach to the lesser trochanter of the femur

Innervated by the anterior rami of L1-L3, iliacus by the femoral nerve

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21
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the pectineus muscle

A

Originates from the pectineal lines of the pubis and runs inferno-posteriorly to the pectineal line of the femur

Femoral nerve

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22
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the sartorius muscle

A

Originates from the ASIS to the medial aspects of the superior tibia

Femoral nerve

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23
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the rectus femoris muscle

A

Originates from the ileum and inserts into the patella by way of the quadriceps tendon

Femoral nerve

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24
Q

List the extensor muscles of the extensor compartment of the lower limb

A

Gluteus maximus, hamstrings

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25
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the Glut. max muscle

A

Originates from the gluteal aspect of the ileum, sacrum and coccyx and inserts into the iliotibial tract

Inferior gluteal nerve

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26
Q

What three muscles comprise the hamstrings?

A

From lateral to medial:

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

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27
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the hamstring muscle

A

All originate from the ischial tuberosity (except for short head of the biceps femoris)

BIceps femrois - inserts into the head of the fibula
Semitentinosus - inserts into the medial surface of the tibia
Semimembranosus - inserts into the medial tibial condyle

All innervated by branches of the sciatic nerve

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28
Q

What muscles comprise the medial (adductor) compartment of the lower limb?

A 
Adductor magnus
Adductor longus 
Adductor brevis
Obturator externus 
Graciilis
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29
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the adductor magnus muscle

A

Originates from the inferior pubic rams and ischial rami and attaches to the line aspera of the femur

Obturator nerve

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30
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the adductor longus muscle

A

Originates on the pubis and attaches to the line aspera broadly

Obturator nerve

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31
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the adductor brevis muscle

A

Originates from the body of the inferior ramps of the pubis and inserts into the posterior aspect of the line aspera

Obturator nerve

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32
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the obturator externus muscle

A

Originating from the membrane of the obturator foramen and passes behind the neck of the femur and attaches to the posterior aspect of the greater trochanter

Obturator nerve

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33
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the gracililis muscle

A

The most superficial and medial muscle in the compartment; it originates from the pubic bone and runs directly inferiorly to the medial surface of the tibia

Obturator nerve

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34
Q

What is there in the lower limb instead of a designated abductor/lateral compartment?

A

Deep gluteal muscles function as abductors due to their attachment to the greater trochanter of the femur

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35
Q

What are the deep gluteal muscles which abduct/medially rotate the lower limb?

A

Glut. med
Glut. mini
Tensor fascia lata

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36
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the Glut. medius muscle

A

Originates from the gluteal surface of the ileum and inserts to the lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur

Superior gluteal nerve

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37
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the Glut. minimus muscle

A

Originates from the ileum and converges into a tendon which inserts into the anterior part of the greater trochanter of the femur

Superior gluteal nerve

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38
Q

Outline the course and innervation of the tensor fascia lata muscle

A

Originating from the iliac crest, attaching to the ASIS and finally inserting into the iliotibial tract

Superior gluteal nerve

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39
Q

Why are the lower limb abductors essential for normal gait?

A

When a limb is lifted, that side of the pelvis becomes unsupported and it is the contralateral abductors that prevent this

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40
Q

What rotator muscles lie inferiorly to the glut. maximus?

A

Piriformis and obturator internus

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41
Q

Where do piriformis and obturator internus arise from?

A

From the inner pelvis via the greater and lesser sciatic foramen to attached to the greater trochanter of the femur

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42
Q

What two smaller muscles accompany obturator interns tendon?

A

Gemelli and quadrates femoris

43
Q

What is the main muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris

44
Q

What are the four parts of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedialis
Vastus lateralis

45
Q

What are the movements made possible by the rectus femoris?

A

Flexion of the hip as well as extension fo the knee

46
Q

What are the heads of the quadriceps innervated gy?

A

Femoral nerve

47
Q

Outline the course of the quadriceps?

A

Four parts unite to form a single tendon proximal to the patella which then continues as the patellar ligament distal to the patella and inserts at the tibial tuberosity

48
Q

Describe the sartorius muscle

A

A long ribbon like muscle and most superficial in the anterior thigh acting on both the hip and the knee

49
Q

Where does the obturator nerve emerge from the pelvis?

A

Obturator canal in obturator foramen

50
Q

What hiatus is a feature of the adductor magnus?

A

Adductor hiatus

51
Q

What is transmitted through the adductor hiatus?

A

Femoral artery and vein

52
Q

The femoral vein is a continuation of what vein?

A

Popliteal vein

53
Q

In relation to the inguinal ligament how does the femoral vein pass?

A

Deep

54
Q

What is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral nerve

55
Q

What muscles does the femoral nerve supply?

A

Pectineus, iliacus, sartorius, quadratus femoris

56
Q

What is the femoral triangle?

A

Equivalent of the axilla in the lower limb

57
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Superior - formed by the inguinal ligament

Medial - formed by the medial border of the adductor longus

Lateral - formed by the medial border of the sartorius

Floor - pectineus, iliopsoas, adductor longus muscle

Roof - tensor fascia lata

58
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

Hint: NAVEL

A

Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty space, Lymph canal

Vein and artery are in their own fascial sheath called the femoral sheath

59
Q

What is the adductor canal?

A

As the femoral neurovascular structures leave the apex of the femoral triangle they move deep creating the adductor canal and emerges into the popliteal canal

60
Q

The contents of the adductor canal is slightly different to the femoral triangle, what are they?

A

Femoral artery and vein, nerve to the vests medialis, saphenous nerve (largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve)

61
Q

What structure does the lumbar plexus emerge from?

A

Psoas major on the posterior abdominal wall

62
Q

What are the two major nerve of the lumbar plexus?

A

Obturator nerve and femoral nerve

63
Q

What are the segmental root values for the lumbar plexus?

A

L-L5, and also T12

64
Q

What are the segmental root values for the obturator n.s?

A

L2-L4 innervating the medial (adductor) compartment )

65
Q

What are the segmental root values for the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4 innervating the anteiror comaprtment of the thigh

66
Q

Wha tis the pelvic girdle?

A

Bony ring consisting of the sacrum, right andleft iliac bones and joined anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and posteriorly by the sacroiliac joints

67
Q

What two important ligaments attach to the ischium?

A

Sacrospinous ligament and Sacrotuberous ligament

68
Q

Outline the course of the sacropsinous ligament?

A

Runs from ischial spine to the sacrum

69
Q

What foramen is defined by the sacrospinous ligament?

A

Greater sciatic foramen

70
Q

Outline the course of the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

Runs from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

71
Q

What foramen is defined by the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

Lesser sciatic formamen

72
Q

The muscles of the gluteal region can be divided into what two groups?

A

Superficial abductors and extenders

Deep lateral rotators

73
Q

What are the superficial abductors and extenders of the gluteal region?

A

Group of large muscles including glut. maximus, medium, minimum and tensor fascia lata

74
Q

What are the deep lateral rotators of the gluteal region?

A

Smaller muscles that laterally rotate the femur, Quadratus femoris, piriformis, gemelli, obturator internus

75
Q

What is the name given to the deep fascia of the thigh?

A

Fascia lata

76
Q

Whatstructure do the longitudinal fibrs of the fascia alta form?

A

Iliotibial tract

77
Q

What is the function fo the iliotibial tract?

A

Serves as the attachment for the gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata

78
Q

What is teh sacral plexus?

A

Formed from the union of the ventral rami of spinal nerves L4 and L5 as well as S1-S4

79
Q

What are the main branches of the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic nerve and pudendal nerve

80
Q

What are the segmental root values for the gluteal nerves?

A

Superior - L4-S1

Inferior - L5-S2

81
Q

What are the branches of the sacral plexus?

A

Sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve, piriformis nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, quadratus femoris, obturator nerve, levator ani nerve, coccygeus nerve

82
Q

What structure does the sciatic nerve pierce as it appears from the gluteal region?

A

Pririformis

83
Q

What is the function fo the sciatic nerve?

A

Innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh and its terminal branches innervate the foot and lower leg

84
Q

What are the movements available at the knee?

A

Flexion and extension (as well as some small passive rotation)

85
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the knee?

A
  1. Medial and alteral condyles of the femur
  2. Tibia
  3. Posterior surface of the patella
86
Q

What bone of the leg is not involved in the knee joint?

A

Fibula

87
Q

What muscle is particularly involved in knee stabilisation?

A

Vastus medialis

88
Q

Describe the lateral (fibular) collateral ligament of the knee

A

Extends from the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral epicondyle of the head of the fibula

89
Q

Describe the medial (tibial) collateral ligament of the knee

A

Extends from the medial epichondyle of the femur to the medial meniscus of the upper part of the medial surface of the tibia

90
Q

What structure run deep to the LCL?

A

Tendons of the popliteal muscle - separatingit from the lateral meniscus

91
Q

Describe the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

A

attaches to the anterior interchondylar region fo the tibial and blends with the medial meniscus

Ascends posteriorly to attach to the femur in the interchondylar fossa

92
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A

Prevent anterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur

93
Q

Describe the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee

A

Attaches to her posterior interchondyla region of the tibia and ascends anteriorly to attach the anteromedial femoral condyle

94
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A

Prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur

95
Q

What is the function fo the menisci in the knee?

A

provide a cushion to the articular surfaces of both the femur and the tibia

96
Q

What muscles illicit flexion of the knee?

A

Hamstrings, gracilis, sartorius, popliteus

97
Q

What muscles illicit extension of the knee?

A

Quadriceps

98
Q

What are the bursae around the knee?

A

Suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar, semimembranous

99
Q

Describe the suprapatellar bursa

A

An extension fo the joint capsule between the femur and the quadratus femoris

100
Q

Describe the infrapatellar bursa

A

Located between the patellar bone and the skin

101
Q

Describe the infrapatellar bursa

A

Split into deep and superficial

Deep - between the tibia and patellar ligament
Superficial - between the patella ligament and the skin

102
Q

Describe the semimembranous bursa

A

Located posteirorly to the knee bertween the semimembranousus muscle and the medial head of the gastrocnemius

103
Q

Inflammation fo the semimembranous bursa causes what pathology?

A

Baker’s cyst

Year Three Anatomy (5 decks)

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