Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Digestive System > Lower GI Tract Disorders > Flashcards

Lower GI Tract Disorders Flashcards

Small intestine Large intestine Rectum/Anal canal

1
Q

what are the most common causes of acute abdomen presentation?

A

non-specific pain

acute appendicitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the possible types of pain experienced in acute abdomen?

A

colic pain
peritoneal pain
body wall pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which types of abdominal pain are associated with systemic upset?

A

colic pain and peritoneal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what type of pain is colic and peritoneal?

A

visceral pain

poorly localised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what type of pain is body wall pain?

A

somatic pain

well localised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what type of pain can be mistaken for somatic pain?

A

referred pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

why is visceral pain non-specific in the abdomen?

A

because the fibres run with autonomic fibres along the main arteries supplying the gut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is somatic pain easily localised in the abdomen?

A

because its fibres are skeletal nerves running along the body wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can be routes of infection for peritonitis?

A

perforated body wall
perforated GI/biliary tree
gynaecological route
haematological spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the possible three aetiologies of intestinal obstruction?

A

obstruction within gut lumen
obstruction from gut wall
compression from outside gut tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the main steps to be taken for resuscitation in cases of acute abdomen?

A 
fluids
oxygenation
perfusion
treat sepsis
decompress gut if obstructed
pain relief
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what investigations should be done for acute abdomen?

A

urine analysis
bloods - FBC, U&E, LFT, glucose, calcium
imaging - AXR, CT, USS
laparoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what treatment should be adopted for acute abdomen?

A

pain relief
antibiotics
surgery for underlying problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

why is acute abdomen an emergency?

A

because it can cause sepsis, systemic upset and may lead to death if not investigated and treated quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the main histological and distributional difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease?

A

UC - only affects mucosa and only found in colon (continuous distribution). no granulomas
CD - affects whole gut lining and can be found anywhere from mouth to anus (skip lesions). often has granulomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the commonest ages for UC and CD to appear?

A

UC - 20-40

CD - 20-40 and over 60

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

list some common symptoms of ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease

A 
abdominal pain
bloody diarrhoea
weight loss
systemically unwell (malaise, fever)
anaemia
malabsorption
nausea and vomiting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which IBD disease presents more insidiously?

A

crohn’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

list some signs of ulcerative colitis

A 
anorexia
anaemia
dehydration
tachycardia
pyrexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

list some signs of crohn’s disease

A 
anorexia
anaemia
dehydration
angular stomatitis
aphtous ulcers
perianal fissures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

name some common complications of crohn’s disease

A

stricturing
obstruction
perforation
fistulae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

name some common complications of ulcerative colitis

A

toxic dilatation
venous thromboembolism
colorectal cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the step-up treatment options for ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease?

A
  • 5ASA (UC only)
  • steroids
  • immunosuppression
  • biologics
  • surgery
    nutrition throughout (eg elemental feeding)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

in which type of IBD is surgery more likely to be elective/emergency?

A

UC - emergency

CD - elective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the main options for UC surgery?

A
  • ileostomy and proctectomy (stoma bag)

- pouch procedure (no stoma bag)

26
Q

name some exampled of when surgery is indicated in IBD

A

unresponsive to medication
unable to maintain remission
side effects of medication outweigh benefit
relieving obstructions

27
Q

which type of IBD is more likely to require further operations in the future?

A

crohn’s disease

28
Q

what classification is used to distinguish between mild, moderate and severe UC?

A

montreal classification

29
Q

presence of which antibodies can be used to confirm a diagnosis of IBD?

A

p-ANCA

30
Q

how can ulcerative colitis result in colorectal cancer down the line?

A

because of mucosal dysplasia as result of inflammation

31
Q

what can radiation colitis be caused by, and what does is resemble in presentation?

A

caused by pelvic radiation (for cancer), resembles IBD

32
Q

if someone is going through bladder cancer radiotherapy and presents with abdominal symptoms, what could be the possible cause?

A

radiation colitis

33
Q

name two common causes of appendicitis

A

obstruction by fecal stone

infection by bacteria or parasites

34
Q

why is colorectal cancer more likely to present late if in ascending colon?

A

because it’s wider and stools aren’t solid yet, easier to get past tumour without being obstructed

35
Q

what is the appearance of blood likely to be in right and left colorectal cancer? explain why

A

right - altered blood, broken down by bacteria in gut

left - fresh blood, not travelled through whole colon so not broken down by bacteria

36
Q

how can a precursor of colorectal cancer present?

A

as adenomas/polyps

37
Q

name some risk factors for developing colorectal cancer

A 
lifestyle
obesity
smoking
diet
genetics (FAP, HNPCC)
38
Q

what type of cancer is colorectal carcinoma?

A

adenocarcinoma

39
Q

define desmoplasia in the context of colorectal cancer

A

a reaction from immune cells, causing fibrosis around tumour in an attempt to stop its invasion of surrounding structures

40
Q

name some investigations done to diagnose ulcerative colitis and crohn’s disease

A 
U&E
fecal calprotectin
ESR
CRP
Hb/ferritin
WCC
albumin
platelet count
41
Q

name an important differential for IBD in patients with atherosclerosis

A

ischaemic colitis

42
Q

what is the first line treatment for induction and maintenance of remission of UC?

A

5ASA (aminosalycilates) = mesalazine

43
Q

what can dermatitis herpetiformis be a sign of?

A

celiac disease

44
Q

list some investigations done to diagnose/rule out celiac disease

A

distal duodenal biopsy

serology: endomysial IgA and anti-tissue transglutaminase

45
Q

what causes celiac disease?

A

inflammatory reaction to gliadin in gluten molecules

46
Q

how is celiac disease managed?

A

removal of gluten

specialist dietitian help

47
Q

how is giardia infection treated?

A

with metronidazole

48
Q

name some diseases that can present with steatorrhea

A

pancreatic disease
cystic fibrosis
celiac disease

49
Q

what is the preferred method of investigating colorectal cancer? name a few other alternatives

A

main: colonoscopy
barium enema
CT colonography

50
Q

name some symptoms of colorectal cancer

A 
blood in stool
frequent bowel movement
abdominal mass
weight loss
anaemia
51
Q

what is the staging classification used for colorectal cancer?

A

Duke’s staging classification

52
Q

what is the main treatment for colorectal cancer?

A

surgical removal

53
Q

how are chemotherapy and radiotherapy used in colorectal cancer treatment?

A

chemotherapy used along with surgery to remove micrometastases
radiotherapy used before surgery to reduce tumour size

54
Q

what is the palliative management of colorectal cancer?

A

chemotherapy

stenting to prevent obstruction

55
Q

what investigations are done to stage colorectal cancer?

A

CT/MRI

PET scan

56
Q

what test is used to screen for colorectal cancer?

A

FIT - fecal immunochemical test

57
Q

name a few patient groups who might be at risk of developing colorectal cancer

A
  • pts with family history of CRC
  • pts with FAP or HNPCC
  • pts with IBD
  • pts with previous adenomas or CRC
58
Q

what is the aetiology of the majority of CRC cases?

A

sporadic - idiopathic

59
Q

list a few risk factors for sporadic CRC

A 
male
obesity
diet
smoking
sedentary
diabetes
60
Q

what can precede colorectal cancer?

A

benign adenomatous polyps

61
Q

list some complications of colorectal cancer surgery

A 
bleeding
infection
anesthetic related complications
sepsis
venous thromboembolism

Digestive System (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions