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Digestive System > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where does the greater omentum attach?

A

greater curvature of stomach to transverse colon

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2
Q

where does the lesser omentum attach?

A

lesser curvature of stomach to liver

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3
Q

what is the mesentery of the sigmoid colon called?

A

sigmoid mesocolon

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4
Q

what is the mesentery of the transverse colon called?

A

transverse mesocolon

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5
Q

name the function of the falciform ligament

A

it attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall

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6
Q

what is the line in the middle of the anterior abdominal wall called?

A

linea alba

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7
Q

at which vertebral levels does the abdominal aorta start and finish?

A

T12 to L4

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8
Q

how do blood vessels reach the peritonised structures?

A

through that structure’s mesentery

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9
Q

name and number the layers of peritoneum

A

two layers, visceral and parietal

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10
Q

name the structure connecting the lesser and greater omental sac

A

epiploic foramen of Winslow

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11
Q

which structures in the abdomen are retroperitoneal?

A 
abdominal aorta
most of duodenum
pancreas
ascending/descending colon
kidneys
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12
Q

what are the structures that make up the triangle of Calot?

A

visceral surface of liver
common hepatic duct
cystic duct

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13
Q

how much bile can the gallbladder hold?

A

up to 50ml

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14
Q

in which abdominal region is pain related to gallbladder felt?

A

right hypochondriac region

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15
Q

where in the pancreas are islets of Langherans mostly found?

A

in tail of pancreas

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16
Q

which are the main surface landmarks for the spleen?

A

it sits between 9th and 11th rib

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17
Q

what is the blood supply of the abdominal organs, and at which vertebral level do these vessel originate?

A

celiac trunk (T12)
superior mesenteric artery (L1)
inferior mesenteric artery (L3)

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18
Q

what are the three main branches of the celiac trunk, and what do they supply?

A

left gastric artery - stomach
splenic artery - spleen and pancreas
hepatic artery - liver and gallbladder

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19
Q

what are the junctions of the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

A

foregut to midgut: duodenum, just under sphincter of Oddi

midgut to hindgut: 2/3 of transverse colon

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20
Q

name the blood supply to the foregut, midgut and hindgut respectively

A

foregut: celiac trunk
midgut: superior mesenteric artery
hindgut: inferior mesenteric artery

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21
Q

is the small intestine completely peritonised?

A

no, duodenum is mostly retroperitoneal

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22
Q

how many parts does the duodenum have?

A

4 parts

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23
Q

which part of the duodenum receives bile and pancreatic enzymes?

A

second part

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24
Q

what are the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A 
jejunal artery
ileal artery
iliocolic artery
right colic artery
middle colic artery
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25
Q

what are the main branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

left colic artery
sigmoid arteries
superior rectal artery

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26
Q

where is the appendix most often found, and what is it full of?

A

retrocecal

full of lymphoid tissue

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27
Q

what is MacBurney’s point?

A

the point of maximum tenderness in acute appendicitis

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28
Q

what is the parasympathetic supply to the abdominal organs?

A
  • CNX (vagus)

- S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnic nerves)

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29
Q

what is the sympathetic supply to the abdominal organs?

A
  • T5-L2/3 (abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves)
  • prevertebral ganglia
  • autonomic aortic plexus
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30
Q

name the characteristic of abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves compared to thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves

A

fibres don’t synapse at paravertebral ganglion but go straight through and synapse at a prevertebral ganglion next to target organ

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31
Q

what is the difference between sympathetic prevertebral and paravertebral ganglia, and the nerve fibres that synapse there?

A
  • paravertebral: sympathetic chain, receive short preganglionic fibres and send out long postganglionic fibres
  • prevertebral: next to target organ, receive long preganglionic fibres and send out short postganglionic fibres
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32
Q

what part of the ANS do splanchnic and pelvic splanchnic nerves belong to?

A

pelvic splanchnic - parasympathetic

splanchnic - sympathetic

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33
Q

which veins make up the portal vein?

A

superior mesenteric vein (joined by inferior mesenteric)

splenic vein

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34
Q

where is the portal vein formed? at which vertebral level?

A

behind neck of pancreas, vertebral level L2

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35
Q

what are the three main sites of portocaval shunts and possible varices?

A
  • oesophageal junction
  • umbilical
  • anorectal junction
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36
Q

which lymph node groups drain which areas of the abdomen?

A

celiac nodes drain foregut
superior mesenteric nodes drain midgut
inferior mesenteric nodes drain hindgut

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37
Q

what are the three group of lumbar lymph nodes, and what do they drain? provide examples of specific blood vessels

A

pre-aortic - drain anterior branches of aorta
lateral aortic - drain lateral branches of aorta
retro-aortic - drain posterior abdominal wall

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38
Q

where does the inguinal ligament run from and to?

A

anterior iliac spine to pubic tubercle

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39
Q

what are the contents of the inguinal canal that differ in men and women?

A

men - spermatic cord

women - round ligament of uterus

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40
Q

what is the inguinal ligament an aponeurosis of?

A

external oblique muscle

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41
Q

what is the innervation of the transversalis muscle and the internal oblique muscles?

A
  • thoracoabdominal/subcostal muscles
  • iliohypogastric
  • ilioinguinal
42
Q

what is the innervation of the external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles?

A
  • thoracoabdominal/subcostal muscles
43
Q

at which vertebral levels do the thoracic nerves supplying the anterior abdominal muscles arise?

A

T6-T12

44
Q

how is the rectus sheath arranged above and below the umbilicus?

A

above umbilicus - rectus abdominis sits in between layers

below umbilicus - all three layers sit on top of rectus abdominis

45
Q

what makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?

A
  • transversalis fascia

- aponeuroses of transversalis, int oblique and ext oblique

46
Q

what makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A
  • transversalis fascia
  • conjoint tendon
  • deep inguinal ring
47
Q

what makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A
  • aponeuroses of int and ext oblique

- superficial inguinal ring

48
Q

what makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?

A
  • inguinal ligament
  • lacunar ligament
  • iliopubic tract
49
Q

what are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?

A

spermatic cord
ilioinguinal nerve
genitofemoral vessels

50
Q

what are the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

A

round ligament of uterus
ilioinguinal nerve
genitofemoral vessels

51
Q

what gives rise to the superior and inferior epigastric arteries?

A

superior: internal iliac artery
inferior: external iliac artery

52
Q

what are the histological layers of the gut tube? include sublayers

A

mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
submucosa
muscularis externa (concentric and longitudinal layer)
serosa/adventitia

53
Q

pain sensation from the parietal peritoneum comes from which nerves?

A

T6-L1

54
Q

in which areas are portocaval anastemoses found, and why are they at risk in portal hypertension?

A
  • found in esophagus, liver, umbilicus and rectoanal area; they’re above and below abdominal cavity, therefore drain directly into systemic circulation.

hypertension causes enlargement of these anastemoses

55
Q

at which vertebral level are the kidneys found?

A

T12-L3

56
Q

at which vertebral level are the adrenal glands found?

A

T11-T12

57
Q

at which vertebral level is the pancreas found?

A

T12-L2

58
Q

how long is the oesophagus roughly?

A

25cm

59
Q

what are the three constriction points of the oesophagus?

A

cervical
thoracic
diaphragmatic

60
Q

at which vertebral level does the oesophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A

T10

61
Q

what are the contents of the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm?

A

oesophagus
vagus nerve (anterior and posterior)
branches of gastric artery

62
Q

what is the blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage of the abdominal oesophagus?

A

blood supply: left gastric artery branches
venous drainage: left gastric vein/oesophageal veins
symphatics: celiac lymph nodes (ie gastric)

63
Q

what are the three groups of lymph nodes which make up the celiac lymph nodes?

A

gastric
hepatic
splenic

64
Q

what is the blood supply to the stomach, and where do these vessels arise from?

A

left gastric artery (celiac trunk)
left gastro-omental artery (splenic artery)
right gastro-omental artery (hepatic artery)

65
Q

what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the small intestine?

A

arterial supply: superior mesenteric artery

venous drainage: superior mesenteric vein

66
Q

what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the large intestine?

A

first part: superior mesenteric artery/vein

second part: inferior mesenteric artery/vein

67
Q

what is the blood supply and venous drainage of the rectum?

A

superior 1/3 - superior rectal artery/vein
middle 1/3 - middle rectal artery/vein
inferior 1/3 - inferior rectal artery/vein

68
Q

what is the function of the transverse rectal folds?

A

support weight of faeces before they enter the anal canal

69
Q

what structures are found in the falciform ligament?

A 
paraumbilical vessels
round ligament (ligamentum teres)
70
Q

which structure in the falciform ligament is derived from the umbilical vein?

A

round ligament (ligamentum teres)

71
Q

what is the round ligament in the falciform ligament a remnant of?

A

umbilical vein

72
Q

why are the paraumbilical veins in the falciform ligament important?

A

because they are a portocaval shunt, therefore a site of varices and bleeding in portal hypertension

73
Q

where are the paracolic gutters and what is their significance?

A

lie laterally to the large intestine

they provide communication along the length of the abdominal cavity, important for spread of infection

74
Q

what type of cells are found in gastric pits and gastric glands?

A

gastric pits - mucus cells

gastric glands - chief cells, parietal cells, enterochromaffin-like cells

75
Q

what do the cells in the gastric glands secrete?

A

chief cells: pepsinogen
parietal cells: HCl and intrinsic factor
enterochromaffin-like cells: histamine

76
Q

what are the only two structures along the gut tube whose glands reach into the submucosa?

A

oesophagus

duodenum

77
Q

what are Peyer’s patches, in which area of the gut tube are they found and in which layer of the gut tube wall?

A

immune cell collections
found in the small intestine
sit in the mucosa

78
Q

what is the type of epithelium found in the small and large intestine?

A

simple columnar

79
Q

where are crypts of Lieberkuhn found?

A

in small and large intestine

80
Q

what are Paneth cells and where are they found?

A

Paneth cells are immune regulating cells, found in the small intestine crypts

81
Q

are Paneth cells found in the colon?

A

no

82
Q

which vertebral level does the transpyloric plane cross?

A

L1

83
Q

where is the transpyloric plane located?

A

halfway between jugular notch and pubic symphysis

84
Q

list some structures present in the transpyloric plane

A 
L1 vertebra 
pyloric sphincter
first part of duodenum
neck of pancreas
fundus of gallbladder
liver
hilum of kidneys 
spleen
splenic flexure of colon
85
Q

at which vertebral level does the portal vein arise?

A

L1/2

86
Q

what vessel bifurcates right behind the umbilicus, and at which vertebral level?

A

aorta bifurticates into iliac arteries

level L4

87
Q

in which region of the abdominal cavity is the spleen found?

A

left hypochondriac

88
Q

does the spleen move with respiration?

A

yes

89
Q

list 4 functions of the spleen

A

RBC storage
blood filtration/recycling
immune response
phagocytosis

90
Q

what structure is the hepatoduodenal ligament a part of, and what does it contain?

A

part of lesser omentum

contains portal triad

91
Q

what is the portal triad made up of?

A
  • hepatic artery
  • portal vein
  • hepatic duct
92
Q

what structures form Calot’s triangle?

A
  • common hepatic duct
  • cystic duct
  • inferior surface of liver
93
Q

which structure runs through Calot’s triangle?

A

cystic artery

94
Q

what main areas are found in the spleen? what do they each contain?

A

white pulp - contains lymphocytes

red pulp - contains RBC

95
Q

what is the surface marking of the gallbladder?

A

9th right costal cartilage

96
Q

which ribs are related to the spleen?

A

9th to 11th

97
Q

which costal cartilage does the transpyloric plane cross?

A

9th costal cartilage

98
Q

what is the innervation of the visceral and parietal peritoneum?

A

parietal - T6-L1 thoracoabdominal nerves

visceral - autonomic innervation

99
Q

which heart chamber can press on the oesophagus above the diaphragm?

A

left atrium

100
Q

what is the name of the cells in the GI tract that secrete mucus? how do they appear on histological sections?

A

goblet cells, look white on histological slide

Digestive System (6 decks)

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