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GASTRO - RIA > Lower GI > Flashcards

Lower GI Flashcards

1
Q

most common cause of lower GI bleed?

A

diverticulosis

weak vessels at the weakening of the colon wall predisposed to bleeding

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2
Q

3 anorectal causes of lower GI bleeding?

A
  • haemorrohoids
  • anal fissure
  • fistulas
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3
Q

2 vascular causes of lower GI bleeding

A
  • Ischaemic colitis

- Angiodysplasia

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4
Q

arteriovenous malformations which are abnomral connections between arteries & veins

A

Angiodysplasia

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5
Q

herniation of colonic mucosa through the muscular wall of the colon

A

diverticular disease

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6
Q

name 5 risk factors for diverticular

A
  • age
  • sedentry lifestyle
  • smoking
  • lack of dietary fibre
  • obesity
  • NSAID use
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7
Q

pathophysiology of development of diverticular

A

increased colonic pressure occurring along the weaker areas of the colonic wall such as where the penetrating arteries enter the colonic wall, leads to formation of outpouchings

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8
Q

most common area of bowel for diberticular to form

A

sigmoid colon

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9
Q

conditions that make individuals more susceptible to diverticular disease

A

Ehlers danlos & marfans syndrome - these are connective tissue disorders causing a weaker intestinal wall

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10
Q

symptoms of diverticular disease

A
  • colicky abdo pain
  • passing stool eases pain
  • mucus in poo
  • rectakl bleeding
  • constipation/diarrhoea
  • change in bowel habit
  • nausea
  • flatulence
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11
Q

medical management of diverticular disease

A
  • High fibre diet: wholemeal bread, fruit, vegetables

- Antispasmodic medications: mebeverine

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12
Q

symptoms & signs of diverticulitis

A
  • LIF pain & tenderness
  • N&V
  • diarrhoea
  • infective features such as pyrexia & raised WCC, CRP
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13
Q

complications of diverticular disease

A
  • Diverticulitis
  • Abscess formation
  • Fistula formation
  • Bowel perforation
  • Haemorrhage
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14
Q

features & treatment of abscess formation in diverticular disease

A

this is when pus collects in the diverticular causing

  • swinging fever
  • luecocytosis

treat with abx & ultrasound/CT guided drainage

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15
Q

outline 4 grades of haemorrhoids

A

grade 1 = do not prolapse outside of the anal canal

grade 2 = prolapse on defecation but reduce spontaneously

grade 3 = can be manually reduced

grade 4 = cannot be reduced

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16
Q

explanation of haemorrhoids?

A

veins around the rectuma rea become stretched and swollen, often due to straining when going to the toilet, and sometimes they can get bigger and bulge outside the anal sphincter

17
Q

symptoms from haemorrhoids

A
  • pruritus
  • bright red bleeding per rectum
  • severe anaemia/tiredness
18
Q

investigation to look at internal haemorrhoids

A

protoscopy

19
Q

management of haemorrhoids (conservative, medical & surgical)

A

Conservative
- soften stools through increasing dietary fibre & fluid intake

Medical
- topical local anaesthetics & topical steroids

surgical
- rubber land ligation

20
Q

staging system of colon cancer?

A

Duke’s staging

21
Q

Dukes A

A

cancer is located in the inner lining of the bowel, colon or rectum - can be slightly growing into muscle layer

22
Q

Dukes B

A

the cancer has growth through the muscle layer of the bowel/colon/rectum

23
Q

Dukes C

A

cancer has spread to at least 1 lymph node close to the bowel

24
Q

Dukes D

A

the cancer has spread to another part of the body such as liver/lung/bones

25
Q

where is majority of colon cancer located?

A

35% is at sigmoid colon
22% at caecum
14% rectum

26
Q

where is the pathology located for a Hartmans procedure

A
  • descending colon
  • rectum
  • sigmoid colon
27
Q

causes of acute left upper quadrant pain

A

splenic rupture

acute pancreatitis

28
Q

causes of suprapubic acute pain

A

UTI

acute urinary retention

ectopic pregnancy

29
Q

causes of acute right upper quadratnt pain

A

Gall bladder - cholecystitis, cholangitis

duodenal ulcerd

acute pancreatitis

pneumonia

30
Q

right iliac fossa pain causes

A
  • acute appendicitis
  • renal colic
  • perforated duodenal ulcer
31
Q

left iliac fossa pain

A
  • diverticulitiis
  • constipation
  • ectopic pregnancy
  • ruptured ovarian cyst
  • salpingits
32
Q

causes of abdominal distension

A 
Fat 
Flatus 
Fluid
Foetus 
F** mass

GASTRO - RIA (10 decks)

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