Lower Extremity: Bones and Joints

Question 1

What is the bone of the heel

Answer 1

Calcaneus

Question 2

What bone in the foot articulates with the fibula and tibula and calcaneus?

Answer 2

Talus

Question 3

What bone in the foot is anterior to the calcaneous and is located on the lateral side of the foot?

Answer 3

cuboid

Question 4

What bone in the foot is anterior to the talus and is located on the medial side of the foot?

Answer 4

Navicular

Question 5

What bones articulate with the cuboid, navicular, and metatarsals?

Answer 5

Cuneiforms: lateral, middle, medial

Question 6

Name the three main sections of the foot

Answer 6

1) tarsals
2) metatarsals
3) phalanges

Question 7

What three ligaments attach the sacrum to the pelvis

Answer 7

• Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
• sacrospinous ligament
• sacrotuberous ligament

Question 8

The sacroiliac joint is composed of both a synovial joint and a syndesmosis. Where does each lie?

Answer 8

• Synovial joint: between auricular surfaces
• Syndesmosis: between tuberosities

Question 9

Pubic symphysis is composed on one interior disc and two ligaments (superior and inferior). Name them

Answer 9

• Interpubic disc
• Superior and inferior pubic ligaments

Question 10

Identify a and b

Answer 10

a) ASIS
b) AIIS: anterior inferior iliac spine

Question 11

Identify c and d

Answer 11

c) PSIS
d) PIIS

Question 12

Identify e, f, g

Answer 12

e) inferior gluteal line
f) anterior gluteal line
g) posterior gluteal line

Question 13

Identify a, b, c

Answer 13

a) greater trochanter
b) lesser trochanter
c) Intertrochanteric crest

Question 14

Identify d and e

Answer 14

d) gluteal tuberosity
e) linea aspera

Question 15

Identify f and g

Answer 15

f) trochanteric fossa (under intertrochanteric crest)
g) intertrochanteric line

Question 16

Identify

Answer 16

Fovea capitis femoris

Question 17

The acetabulum is composed of three parts, name them

Answer 17

acetabular labrum (surrounds outside)

articular (lunate surface)

acetabular fossa

Question 18

Acetabulum has 2 ligaments: one along the inferior border and one near the acetabular fossa: name them

Answer 18

ligament of the head of the femur

transverse acetabular ligament

Question 19

The hip joint capsule is formed from what three ligaments?

Answer 19

• iliofemoral ligament
• pubofemoral ligament
• ishiofemoral ligament

Question 20

Blood supply to hip joint is supplied by what two branches off of the deep femoral artery and what one branch from the obturator artery?

Answer 20

• lateral circumflex femoral a.
• medial circumflex femoral a.
• artery of head of femur (off obturator)

Question 21

What is the angle of inclination of the femur? What happens when that angle decreases?

Answer 21

• intesection of long axes of femoral shaft and femoral neck
• angle decreases in old age -> increase stress on the femoral neck -> fracture

Question 22

Coxa Vara

Answer 22

congenital condition: decreased angle of inclination of femur

Question 23

Coxa Valga

Answer 23

increased angle of inclination of femur

Question 24

Identify a

Answer 24

adductor tubercle

Question 25

Identify b and c

Answer 25

b) patellar surface c) popliteal surface

Question 26

Identify d and e

Answer 26

d) medial epicondyle e) lateral epicondyle

Question 27

Identify f and g

Answer 27

f) medial condyle g) lateral condyle

Question 28

Identify a, b

Answer 28

a) superior articular surfaces b) intercondylar eminence

Question 29

Identify c, d, e

Answer 29

c) Apex of fibula d) head of fibula e) neck of fibula

Question 30

f and i

Answer 30

f) medial condyle i) Lateral condyle

Question 31

h

Answer 31

h) tibial tuberosity

Question 32

Where is the apex and base of patella

Answer 32

Question 33

joint capsule of knee is composed of what two layers

Answer 33

fibrous and synovial

Question 34

Describe the menisci

Answer 34

* medial meniscus: c-shaped * lateral meniscus: ciruclar, smaller, more mobile

Question 35

What ligaments lies medially in the knee joint and attaches femur to tibia?

Answer 35

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL)

Question 36

What ligament lies laterally on the knee and connects the femur to the fibula?

Answer 36

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)

Question 37

What two ligaments lie inside the knee joint

Answer 37

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Question 38

What ligament lies medially to lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL) and runs from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the tibia (near gerdy's tubercle)?

Answer 38

anterolateral ligament (ALL)

Question 39

ACL drawer test

Answer 39

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee. * Test: flex knee and pull leg towards you

Question 40

PCL drawer test

Answer 40

Posterior cruciate ligament prevents the femur from sliding anteriorly on the tibia Test: flex knee and push leg away

Question 41

Unhappy triad

Answer 41

Tear of ACL, Tibial collateral igament, medial meniscus

Question 42

Bicondylar angle of the knee (Carrying angle)

Answer 42

the angle from vertical that the shaft of the femur makes when the bone is stood upright on its condyles * brings the center of gravity closer to the midline * increased pressure on medial condyle * greater risk of osteoarthritis

Question 43

Q-angle of the knee

Answer 43

the angle formed by a line from the ASIS and mid-patella and a line from mid-patella to tibial tuberosity * typically larger in women * Increased risk of patellar subluxation

Question 44

Genu Varum

Answer 44

Decreased Q-angle * bow-legged * excess pressure on medial knee -arthrosis

Question 45

Genu Valgus

Answer 45

Increased Q-angle * Knock-kneed * excess pressure on lateral knee * increased risk of patellar subluxation

Question 46

Housemaids knee

Answer 46

Subcutaneous prepatellar bursitis

Question 47

What is the name of the bursa that lies superficial to the patella

Answer 47

Suprapatellar bursa * may inflame due to wounds and infection caused by knee inflamation

Question 48

Can inflammation occur at the knee capsule itself?

Answer 48

Yes, because all burse are connected to the synovial capsule

Question 49

a, b, c

Answer 49

a) medial malleolus b) lateral malleolus c) interosseous membrane

Question 50

What is the top of the talus called

Answer 50

trochlea

Question 51

What is the primary joint of the ankle?

Answer 51

talo-crural ankle joint

Question 52

Dorsiflexion vs plantarflexion

Answer 52

plantarflexion: straightening ankle/foot Dorsiflexion: decreased angle of ankle/foot

Question 53

What is the name and function of the lateral ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 53

* Talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament * resist inversion

Question 54

What is the name and function of medial (deltoid) ligaments of the ankle?

Answer 54

* tibiocalcaneal ligament, tibioavicular ligament, tibiotalar ligament * resist eversion

Question 55

Pott's fracture

Answer 55

* Excessive eversion of the foot: fx of medial malleoulus (tibia) * leads to excessive inversion of the foot: fx of lateral malleolus (fibula)

Question 56

Central axis of the foot passes through what digit

Answer 56

2nd

Question 57

How may phalanges does the hallux have

Answer 57

* hallux = big toe * proximal and distal phalanx

Question 58

subtalar joint

Answer 58

joint between the talus and calcaneus that allows for inversion and eversion of the ankle

Question 59

Name the joint between tarsals and metatarsals

Answer 59

tarsometatarsal joints

Question 60

Name the joint between the metatarsals and phalanges

Answer 60

metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)

Question 61

What ligament runs from calcaneus to cuboid bone

Answer 61

plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (Short)

Question 62

What ligament runs from the calcaneus to the navicular bone

Answer 62

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring)

Question 63

What ligament is the longest ligament in the underside of the foot and assists in forming the arch on the foot

Answer 63

long plantar ligament