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Active Care > Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

CAM

A

femoral head shape is round and thickened

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2
Q

Pincer

A

front rim of acetabulum is elongated

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3
Q

What are two types of femoro-acetabular impingement?

A
  • CAM

- Pincer

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4
Q

Tight psoas leads to what?

A
  • anterior pelvic tilt

- weak glutes

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5
Q

What causes tight hamstrings?

A

weak glutes

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6
Q

What are some functional hip tests?

A
  • pelvic tilts
  • step downs
  • pelvic rotation
  • bridge with leg extension
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7
Q

What are things to look for in step downs?

A
  • trunk lean
  • neutral pelvis
  • knee over 2nd toe
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8
Q

What is the hip extension motor pattern?

A
  • ipsi hamstring
  • ipsi glut
  • contra paraspinal
  • ipsi paraspinal
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9
Q

What is tight in lower cross syndrome?

A
  • hip flexors
  • paraspinals
  • IT band
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10
Q

What is inhibited in lower cross syndrome?

A
  • glutes

- abdominals

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11
Q

What is a stride?

A

heel strike of right foot to heel strike of right foot

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12
Q

What is a step?

A

heel strike of right foot to heel strike of left foot

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13
Q

How much does the patella increase extension force?

A

30%

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14
Q

What areas are prone to mobility loss?

A
  • ankle
  • hip
  • thoracic spine
  • gleno-humeral
  • upper cervical spine
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15
Q

What areas are prone to stability loss?

A
  • knee
  • lumbar spine
  • scapula
  • lower cervical spine
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16
Q

What is the patellofemoral joint reaction force at walking level?

A

0.5 x body weight

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17
Q

What is the patellofemoral joint reaction force with the knee flexed to 90 degrees?

A

2.5 to 3 x BW

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18
Q

What is the patellofemoral joint reaction force in climbing and descending steps?

A

3 to 4 x BW

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19
Q

What is the patellofemoral joint reaction force when squatting?

A

7 to 8 x BW

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20
Q

What is the patellofemoral joint reaction force when jumping?

A

20 x BW

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21
Q

At what angle in the patellofemoral joint reaction force decreased?

A

between 0 to 30 degrees

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22
Q

What is the Screw Home Mechanism?

A

external tibial rotation and anterior glide of the medial tibia during final 20 degrees of knee extension

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23
Q

What does the Screw Home Mechanism do?

A
  • tightens both cruciate LIG
  • locks the knee
  • tibia in max stability
  • allows quads to relax while standing
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24
Q

What is the function of the popliteus?

A
  • unlock knee to begin knee flexion

- externally rotates femur

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25
Q

What is a normal Q angle?

A

10-15 degrees

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26
Q

What can an increased Q angle lead to?

A

lateral patellar tracking

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27
Q

What is maltracking of the patella?

A

medial or lateral deviation of 1/4 - 1/2 the width

28
Q

What are active patella stabilizers?

A
  • vastus medialis

- vastus lateralis

29
Q

What are passive stabilizers of the patella?

A
  • femoral groove
  • lateral patellofemoral LIG (w/ IT band)
  • medial retinaculum
30
Q

What is the MC type of patellar maltracking?

A

lateral patellar tracking

31
Q

What is the MC cause of lateral patellar tracking?

A
  • VMO inhibition due to inflammation

- facilitation of ITB

32
Q

What is the treatment for lateral tracking?

A

-train VMO
-terminal arc extension
==>TKE
-stretch ITB
-taping/bracing

33
Q

What are other causes of lateral tracking?

A
  • pronated ankle
  • internal tibial ROT
  • inc valgus stress
34
Q

What is the MC cause of knee pain in teenagers and young adults?

A

patella-femoral dysfunction

35
Q

What causes PF dysfunction?

A

delayed onset of vastus medialis relative to lateral quad

36
Q

Tightness of what muscles are risk factors for PF dysfunction?

A
  • gastroc
  • hamstring
  • quad
  • ITB
37
Q

What biomechanics are risk factors for PF dysfunction?

A
  • excessive pronation
  • femoral anteversion
  • patella alta
38
Q

What is patellofemoral pain associated with?

A

reduced hip abduction and rotation strength

39
Q

What is the treatment for PF dysfunction?

A
  • eval glute medius
  • eval stability at foot arch
  • eval activation of VM
40
Q

What does the ACL limit?

A
  • anterior tibial translation

- internal rotation

41
Q

How do ACL tears occur?

A

landing from a jump

increased valgus stress

42
Q

ACL incomplete tear -

ROM

A

prevent knee extension beyond 40 degrees flexion

43
Q

ACL incomplete tear - Strengthen

A

hamstrings
==>isometric
==>half-squat

44
Q

ACL incomplete tear - stretch

A

soleus

==>stabilizes knee during gait

45
Q

What is medial tibial stress syndrome?

A

tendonitis/periostitis of anterior tibialis, posterior tibialis or medial soleus

46
Q

Who are most affected by medial tibial stress syndrome?

A

-female runners
==>especially with female athlete triad
-military recruits
-novice runners

47
Q

Anatomic risk factors for medial tibial stress syndrome

A
  • leg length difference
  • pes planus
  • hyperpronation
  • femoral neck anteversion
48
Q

What are some complications/differentials of medial tibial stress syndrome?

A
  • compartment syndrome

- tibial stress fx

49
Q

Where is the MC location for a tibial stress fx?

A

distal 1/3 of shaft

50
Q

What are some provocative tests for medial tibial stress syndrome?

A
  • plantar flexion against resistance
  • passive dorsiflexion
  • standing on tiptoe
  • jumping in place
51
Q

What are some preventative exercises for medial tibial stress syndrome?

A
  • arch stability

- glute medius stability

52
Q

What is achilles tendinopathy?

A

clinical syndrome of overuse tendon injury with pain, swelling and/or functional limitation

53
Q

What is not considered to be a part of achilles tendinopathy?

A

inflammation

54
Q

Who does achilles tendinopathy typically affect?

A

mid-aged men

55
Q

Other than exercise, what are other causes of achilles tendinopathy?

A
  • shoes with tight heel

- high heels to sandles or barefoot walking

56
Q

What is the treatment for achilles tendinopathy?

A

eccentric calf muscle training

57
Q

What makes up the Deltoid LIG?

A
  • anterior tibiotalar LIG
  • posterior tibiotalar LIG
  • tibionavicular LIG
  • tibiocalcaneal LIG
58
Q

What ligaments are found on the lateral aspect of the ankle joint?

A
  • anterior inferior tibiofibular LIG
  • anterior talofibular LIG
  • calcaneofibular LIG
59
Q

Acute phase ankle rehab

A
  • PRICE

- pain free ROM

60
Q

Subacute phase ankle rehab

A
  • Active/Resisted ROM
  • adjusting
  • gastroc/soleus stretching
  • resistance exercise
  • proprioception
61
Q

What are some possible risk factors for plantar fasciitis?

A
  • inc in running distance
  • faulty running shoes
  • cavus foot (high arch)
  • shortened achilles tendon
62
Q

Site of tenderness in plantar fasciitis

A
  • posterior: heel pad
  • medial: medial calcaneal nerve
  • no tenderness: DJD in subtalar joint
63
Q

What are some treatment options for plantar fasciitis?

A
  • strengthen tibialis anterior and posterior
  • intrinsic foot muscles
  • myofascial release
  • adjusting
64
Q

What is the name of the technique utilized to stabilize the foot arches?

A

Janda’s short foot exercise

65
Q

What is the best tool that effects swelling?

A
  1. pain free ROM
  2. compression
  3. ice
  4. adjustment
66
Q

What is the MC mechanism of injury of the deltoid LIG?

A

inversion via compression forces

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