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A&P II - Exam 1 > Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

which nerve roots control heel walking

A

L4/5

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2
Q

which nerve root controls ankle dorsiflexion

A

L5

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3
Q

which nerve root controls great toe extension

A

L5

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4
Q

what nerve root controls toe walking

A

S1

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5
Q

where does the guteus maximus insert

A

below the greater trochanter -> iliotibial tract

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6
Q

greater trochanter muscle insertions (6)

A

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

gemeli

obturator externus

obturator internus

piriformis

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7
Q

what are the hip extensors (2)

A

gluteus maximus

hamstrings → semitendonosis, semimembranosis

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8
Q

what are the hip abductors

A

gluteus maximus, medius, minimus

tensor fascia lata

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9
Q

what are the hip adductors

A

adductor magnus, longus, brevis

gracilis

pectineus

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10
Q

what are the hip flexors

A

psoas major

iliacus

iliopsoas

rectus femoris

sartorius

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11
Q

what is this

A

acetabulum

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12
Q

what bones form the acetabulum

A

ilium

ischium

pelvis

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13
Q

what is the fovea capitis

what is its fxn

A

dimple on top of femur

attachment point for ligamentum teres

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14
Q

what is this ligament

A

ligamentum teres

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15
Q

what is the fxn of the ligamentum teres

A

stabilizer of hip during adduction, flexion, external rotation

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16
Q

what is the most proximal part of the femur

A

femoral head

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17
Q

what are the capsular ligaments of the hip (3)

A

iliofemoral

ischiofemoral

pubofemoral

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18
Q

blood supply to the femoral neck and head comes from

A

medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

ligamentum teres artery

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19
Q

what artery supplies the medial and lateral circumflex arteries

A

profunda femoris

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20
Q

the femoral head receives blood from the medial/lateral circumflex arteries AND also the

A

artery of ligamentum teres

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21
Q

what artery supplies the artery of ligamentum teres

A

obturator artery

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22
Q

avascular necrosis of the femoral head is a result of damage to the __ artery

A

obturator a → ligamentum teres a

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23
Q

what are the anterior structures of the hip

A

anterior inferior iliac spine

greater trochanter

iliofemoral ligament

pubofemoral ligament

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24
Q

what are the posterior structures of the hip

A

ischium

greater trochanter

obturator externus of bursa

iliofemoral ligament

ischiofemoral ligament

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25
Q

which ligament of the hip is both an anterior and posterior structure

A

iliofemoral

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26
Q

what happens to distal fragments in a femoral neck fx

A

muscles spasm → pull distal fragments proximally

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27
Q

which muscles determine the movement of distal fragments in a femoral neck fx

A

strongest muscles

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28
Q

which muscles internally rotate to pull fracture fragments proximally in a femoral neck fx

A

adducturs

glutei

iliopsoas

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29
Q

where do the hip adductors insert

A

medial ridge of linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur

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30
Q

where to the glutei muscles insert

A

iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur

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31
Q

where do the iliopsoas muscles insert

A

lesser trochanter of femur

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32
Q

where is avascular necrosis of the hip usually seen

A

femoral head

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33
Q

the femoral head is a __ organ system with

__ collateral circulation

A

end

poor

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34
Q

the femoral head is especially vulnerable to avascular necrosis if the __ artery is compromised

A

medial circumflex

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35
Q

compromise of blood supply to a bone causes

A

ischemia → avascular necrosis

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36
Q

what are some causes of avascular necrosis

A

trauma

vasculitis

vascospasm → decompression

circulating microemboli

steroids

etoh

pancreatitis

dialysis

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37
Q

what are 4 sources of circulating emboli that can lead to avascular necrosis of the femoral head

A

hemoglobinopathies

fat emboli

hypercoaguable states

decompression sickness

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38
Q

other than the femoral head, what other bone is especially susceptible to avascular necrosis

A

scaphoid

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39
Q

rf for avascular necrosis of the thumb

A

etoh

steroids

bends

arterial embolism/thrombosis

ssa

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40
Q

what structures are in the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

quadriceps femoris → vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius, rectus femoris

patellar ligament

sartorius

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41
Q

what nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the thigh

A

femoral

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42
Q

what n innervates the iliopsoas m

A

femoral

43
Q

what muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh

A

adductors of femur → longus, brevis, magnus

obturator externus

pectineus

gracilis

44
Q

all of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh are innervated by the __ nerve

except for the __

A

obturator

pectineus

45
Q

what nerve innervates the illiopsoas and the pectineus

A

femoral

46
Q

what n innervates the pectineus

A

femoral

47
Q

what muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

hamstrings → biceps femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosis

48
Q

what nerve innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

sciatic

49
Q

what does SGT FOS stand for

A

muscles of the pes anserinus and nerves that innervate them

sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosis

femoral, obturator, sciatic

50
Q

what is the pes anserinus

A

tendinous insertions of 3 muscles that attach to the medial side of the tibia

resemble goose foot

51
Q

what can SGT FOS help you remember

A

thigh compartments and nerve innervations

52
Q

most of the large thigh muscles insert into the __

and have what action

A

proximal tibia and fibula

extend leg at the knee joint

53
Q

where do the sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosis insert

A

at the pes anserinus on the medial proximal tibia

54
Q

where does the biceps femoris insert

A

lateral head of the fibula

55
Q

what is the clinical significance of the fascia lata and iliotibial band

A

iliotibial band syndrome

56
Q

what is the gluteal injxn site

A

upper outer quadrant → ventro-gluteal injection site

57
Q

the safe injxn site is directly inferior to the

A

highest point on the iliac crest

58
Q

what muscle is the gluteal injection site

A

gluteus medius

59
Q

why is the gluteus medius the gluteal injection site

A

thickest of gluteal muscles

free from penetrating nerves and bv

thin layer of fat

60
Q

what blood vessels are in the lower quadrants of the buttocks

A

superior gluteal artery and vein

lateral femoral circumflex artery

medial femoral circumflex artery

61
Q

the inferior lateral border of the lower quadrant of the buttox is the

A

ischial tuberosity

62
Q

the vertical division of the planes of the buttocks goes through the

A

highest point on the iliac crest

63
Q

the buttocks is divided into what 4 quadrants

A

upper medial

lower medial

upper lateral

lower lateral

64
Q

the lower lateral quadrant of the buttocks includes what structures

A

greater trochanter

insertion of the piriformis

lateral femoral circumflex artery

65
Q

the lower medial quadrant of the buttocks contains the

A

ischial tuberosity

piriformis

sciatic n

deep artery of thigh

inferior gluteal artery and vein

66
Q

lumbar plexus is L _

thru L _

A

L1

L4

67
Q

sacral plexus is L _

S _

A

L4

S1

68
Q

lower limb dermatomes

A

L1 - S3

69
Q

perineum dermatomes

A

S4 - S5 →

S4 and 5 keep your butt alive

70
Q

the femoral nerve goes through the __ canal

A

femoral

71
Q

the obturator nerve toes through the __ canal

A

obturator

72
Q

the sciatic nerve goes through the __ foramen

A

greater sciatic foramen

73
Q

what are the branches of the sciatic n

A

tibial

common fibular

74
Q

the tibial n innervates the

A

posterior compartment of leg and sole of foot

75
Q

the common fibular n innervates

A

lateral and anterior compartments of leg into foot

76
Q

the superior and inferior gluteal nerves go through the

A

greater sciatic foramen

77
Q

the inferior gluteal n innervates the

A

gluteal maximus

78
Q

the superior gluteal n innervates the

A

gluteus medius

gluteus minimus

tensor fascia lata

79
Q

the pudendal n comes out of the

A

greater sciatic foramen

80
Q

the pudendal n innervates the

A

perineum

sphincters of bladder and rectum

81
Q

inguinal ligament dermatome

A

L1

82
Q

lateral thigh dermatome

A

L2

83
Q

lower medial thigh dermatome

A

L4

84
Q

medial great toe dermatome

A

L4

85
Q

medial second to dermatome

A

L5

86
Q

lateral 5th toe dermatome

A

S1

87
Q

back of thigh dermatome

A

S2

88
Q

perineum dermatome

A

S3-5

89
Q

hip flexion dermatomes

A

iliopsoas

L1-2

90
Q

knee extension dermatomes

A

quads

L3-4

91
Q

knee flexion dermatomes

A

hamstrings

L5-S2

92
Q

ankle plantar flexion dermatomes

A

S1-S2

achilles

93
Q

ankle dorsiflexion dermatomes

A

L4, 5

94
Q

what is the orientation of the acetabulum

A

anteriorly and caudally

15 degrees of anteversion

45 degrees of abduction

95
Q

what 3 nerves come out of the greater sciatic foramen

A

sciatic

gluteal (s and i)

pudendal

96
Q

what nerve is the hip extensor and lateral rotator of femur/thigh

A

gluteus maximus

97
Q

what muscles act as medial and lateral rotators of the femur

A

gluteus medius and minimus

98
Q

weakness of __ muscles leads to trendelenberg gait

A

gluteus medius and minimus

99
Q

what are forms the femoral triangle

A

sartorius

inguinal ligament

adductor longus

100
Q

what are the contents of the femoral triangle

A

NAVEL:

nerve (femoral)

artery (femoral)

vein (femoral)

empty (femoral canal)

lymphatics

101
Q

what forms the popliteal fossa

A

hamstrings:

semimembranous

semitendinous

biceps femoris

plus

gatrocnemius

popliteal muscles

102
Q

contents of popliteal fossa

A

SAVNB

semimembranosous/tendinosus

artery (popliteal)

vein (popliteal, sapenous)

nerves (tibial, common fibular, sural, posterior femoral cutaneous)

biceps femoris

103
Q

what is the tarsal tunnel

A

flexor retinaculum → roof

medial malleolus → floor

calcaneus

104
Q

what is the flexor retinaculum

A

fibrous tendon → covers tendons of muscles that flex the foot → if entrapped causes tarsal tunnel syndrome

A&P II - Exam 1 (3 decks)

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