lower extremities

Question 1

describe hip joint and its motions

Answer 1

-ball and socket synovial joint
labrum on acetabulum
cartilage on femoral head

6 motions
-flexion/extension
-abduction/adduction
-medial/lateral rotation

Question 1

hip joint ligaments

Answer 1

1. iliofemoral ligament (Y ligament)
   - anterior
   -ilium > femur
   - limits extension and lateral rotation
   - ONE OF STRONGEST IN BODY
2. pubofemoral ligament (Z ligament)
   -inferior side of hip joint
   -pubis > femur
   - limits extension and lateral rotation
   -INJURY PRONE
3. ischiofemoral ligament
   -posterior surface
   -ischium > femur
   - limits medial rotation

Question 2

does the fibula articulate with the femur?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

bones of the knee

Answer 3

distal femur, proximal tibia, fibula present but does not articulate with femur

Question 4

what kind of joint is the patella?

Answer 4

sesmoid joint, free floating

Question 5

what makes up the ankle?

Answer 5

-made up of distal tibia and fibula
-tarsal bones of the foot
-mulitple joints

Question 6

talocrural joint

Answer 6

-allows for DORSIFELXION and PLANTAR FLEXION around talocrural axis
-between tibia/fibula and talus

SAGITTAL PLANE

Question 7

subtalar joint

Answer 7

-allows eversion and inversion around subtalar axis
-between talus and calcaneus

FRONT PLANE

Question 8

interphalangeal joint

Answer 8

great toe only

Question 9

joints of the distal foot

Answer 9

MTP, PIP, DIP

and IP joint on big toe

Question 10

fascia over the thigh

Answer 10

-attach to linea aspera of femur
-three compartment (seperated by intermuscular septa)
-thicker area= ILLIOTIBIAL BAND
-saphenous opening

Question 11

fascia over the leg

Answer 11

-two intermuscular septa attach to fibula
-fascia divides leg into 3 compartments
*posterior split into deep and superficial

Question 12

function of IT band

Answer 12

supports the knee during hip extension

Question 13

retinacula

Answer 13

-distal thickening of crural fascia
-keeps tendons in place
-3 main retinacula
1=extensor retinacula
2= fibular retinacula
3=flexor retinacula

Question 14

arteries of the legs

Answer 14

common iliac artery to
external iliac artery to
femoral artery to
popliteal artery; this artery branches into

tibial artery and fibular/peroneal artery

Question 15

nerve supply of ANTERIOR LEG

Answer 15

splitting of lumbar plexus (from spinal nerves L1-L4) split and divide into THESE PERIPHERAL NERVE ROOTS

-iliohypogastric and ilioguinal L1
-genitofemoral L1-2
-lateral cutaneous L2-3
-obturator L2-4
-femoral L2-4

Question 16

role of femoral nerve

Answer 16

-runs down anterior thigh
-innervates anterior compartment of the thigh and iliacus
-provides sensory innervation for anteiror medial thigh and leg

Question 17

role of obturator nerve

Answer 17

-innervates medial compartment of the thigh
-provides sensory innervation for medial thigh

Question 18

nerve supply of posterior leg

Answer 18

sacral plexus branches posteriorly from spinal nerve roots VENTRAL RAMI L4-S4
*all exit through greater sciatic foramen

branches
-superior gluteal nerve L4-S1 *only nerve exiting superiorly
-inferior gluteal nerve L5-S2
-sciatic nerve L4-S3
-pudendal nerve S2-S4

Question 19

role of sciatic nerve

Answer 19

-made up of tibial and common fibular nerves (branches of it)
-innervates posterior compartment of thigh and all compartments of leg and foot
-innervates most of leg and skin of foot

Question 20

veins of legs

Answer 20

*LISTED INFERIOR TO SUPERIOR
ANTERIOR PATHWAY
dorsal venous arch of foot > great saphenous vein > femoral vein via saphenous opening

POSTERIOR PATHWAY
small saphenous vein > through fascia to popliteal vein > popliteal vein turns into femoral vein

Question 21

deep veins of lower leg vs superficial veins

Answer 21

*deep veins have more valves
DEEP VEINS
-iliac vein
-femoral vein
-popliteal vein
-tibial vein

SUPERFICIAL VEINS
-greater and lesser saphenous veins

Question 22

perforating veins

Answer 22

-connect superficial and deep veins
-valves allow blood to flow only from superficial to deep for return to the heart

Question 23

musculovenous pump

Answer 23

-muscle contracting assists in propelling of blood
-valves prevent reflux
-COLLAPSE=varicose veins which increases volume of blood in superficial veins

Question 24

saphenous cut down procedure

Answer 24

great saphenous vein can be used anterior to medial malleolus to administer meds and fluids

effective for: infants, obese pts, and dehydrated pts

Question 25

great saphenous vein grafts

Answer 25

-used in coronary bypass surgery CABG
-superficial and accessible

Question 26

lymphatics of the legs (superficial and deep)

slide 36 KM lower extremities

Answer 26

superficial lymphatics
*superficial inguinal nodes > external iliac nodes

*superficial lymphatic nodes > popliteal nodes > deep inguinal nodes

deep lymphatics
* superior/inferior gluteal nodes > internal iliac nodes
*deep inguinal nodes > external iliac nodes