Lower Abdomen

Question 1

What is the entrance of the stomach from the esophagus?

Answer 1

Cardiac Orifice

Question 2

What is the exit of the stomach to the duodenum?

Answer 2

Pyloric sphincter

Question 3

What are the temporary folds within the body of the stomach?

Answer 3

Rugae

Question 4

What part of the small intestine is fixed and relatively immobile?

Answer 4

Duodenum

Question 5

What part of the small intestine is tethered, but very mobile?

Answer 5

Jejunum and ileum

Question 6

What is the term for the permanent folds within the intestine?

Answer 6

Plicae circulares

Question 7

Into what does the ileum empty?

Answer 7

The Cecum at the ileocecal junction

Question 8

What is a finger-like pouch present on the ileum that is a remnant of the embryonic yolk stalk?

Answer 8

Meckel’s (Ileal) diverticulum

Question 9

What is the cause of appendicitis?

Answer 9

Inflimmation of the VERMIFORM APPENDIX

Question 10

Where is the vermiform appendix located?

Answer 10

Opens into cecum inferior to ileocecal orifice. Most commonly retrocecal.

Question 11

What are the 5 segments of the large intestine?

Answer 11

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.

Question 12

What are the 2 flexures of the large intestine?

Answer 12

Right colic (hepatic) and Left colic (splenic) flexures.

Question 13

Where does the large intestine empty?

Answer 13

Rectum

Question 14

What are the 3 smooth muscle bands paralleling the length of the colon?

Answer 14

Teniae coli

Question 15

What are the outpouchings produced by teniae coli?

Answer 15

Haustra coli

Question 16

What are the fat tags found along the colon?

Answer 16

Epiploic appendages

Question 17

What is the 2nd major branch of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 17

Superior mesenteric Artery

Question 18

What supplies the colon up to the proximal 2/3 of transverse colon?

Answer 18

Superior mesenteric artery (via ileocolic, Right colic, and middle colic aa.)

Question 19

What is the third major branch of the abdominal aorta?

Answer 19

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Question 20

What supplies the colon after the distal 1/3 of transverse colon?

Answer 20

Inferior Mesenteric Artery (Via left colic, 4 sigmoid, and superior rectal aa)

Question 21

Anastomoses between colic branches of SMA and IMA form a consistent vascular arc around the colon called the

Answer 21

Marginal a. of Drummond

Question 22

What gives off the Superior pancreaticoduodenal aa?

Answer 22

Gastroduodenal a.

Question 23

What gives off the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa.?

Answer 23

Superior Mesenteric A.

Question 24

What supplies blood to the Kidneys?

Answer 24

Left and Right Renal aa.

Question 25

What are the lateral branches of the abdominal aorta below the renal aa.?

Answer 25

Gonadal Arteries

Question 26

What is the path of ovarian aa.?

Answer 26

Cross over ureters and iliac vessels and descend into the pelvis to supply ovaries.

Question 27

What is the path of testicular aa?

Answer 27

Cross over ureters and enter inguinal canal and descend into scrotum to supply testes

Question 28

What is the primary venous drainage for abdominal GI tract?

Answer 28

Portal System of veins

Question 29

What are the main tributaries for the portal system of veins?

Answer 29

Splenic v., Superior mesenteric vein, Inferior mesenteric v.

Question 30

Where does the portal system of veins take blood?

Answer 30

Through the liver for metabolic processing

Question 31

What drains the kidneys, adrenals, rueters, and gonads?

Answer 31

IVC (Caval system of veins)

Question 32

What are the main tributaries of the caval system of veins?

Answer 32

Renal vv. and gonadal vv.

Question 33

Where does the right gonadal vein drain?

Answer 33

Directly to IVC

Question 34

Where does the left gonadal vein drain?

Answer 34

Left renal v. then to IVC

Question 35

What are the 4 anastomoses between the portal and caval systems?

Answer 35

1) gastric vv. and esophageal vv.

Question 36

Which of the two venous systems has no valves?

Answer 36

Portal venous system has no valves. Can cause caval vv. to become dilated and varicose

Question 37

Dilated esophageal vv. produce?

Answer 37

Esophageal varices

Question 38

dilated epigastric vv. produce?

Answer 38

Caput medusae

Question 39

Dilated infr. and mid. rectal vv. produce?

Answer 39

Hemorrhoids

Question 40

Sympathetic fibers of the abdomen usually originate from what levels?

Answer 40

T5-L2 (Thoracolumbar division of ANS)

Question 41

Parasympathetic fibers originate from what spinal cord levels?

Answer 41

CN X and S2-S4 (Cranial sacral division of ANS)

Question 42

Pre-sympathetic fibers from CN X travel on?

Answer 42

Upper arterial branches (Celiac trunk, SMA, renal aa., and their branches)

Question 43

Pre-sympathetic fibers from S2-S4 travel on?

Answer 43

Lower arterial branches (IMA and its branches)

Question 44

What autonomic ganglia travels with the celiac branches?

Answer 44

celiac ganglion

Question 45

What autonomic ganglia travels with the superior mesenteric artery branches?

Answer 45

Superior mesenteric ganglion

Question 46

What autonomic ganglia travels with renal aa.?

Answer 46

Aorticorenal ganglia

Question 47

What autonomic ganglia travels with IMA branches?

Answer 47

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 48

Which Autonomic ganglia receive thoracic splanchnic nn. and CN X branches?

Answer 48

Celiac, superior mesenteric, and aorticorenal ganglia (all but inferior mesenteric ganglion)

Question 49

Which autonomic ganglia receive lumbar splanchnic nn.?

Answer 49

S2-S4