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Passive Care Exam Two > Low level laser therapy > Flashcards

Low level laser therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What does LASER stand for?

A

light amplification by stimulated emmision of radiation

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2
Q

what theory is laser based on?

A

theory of albert einstein

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3
Q

what are the higher frequencies of light?

A

x rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet cause ionization

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4
Q

visible light

A

violet
infared
ultraviolet

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5
Q

light is transmitted as waves and is packaged in what?

A

photons

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6
Q

what are the principles of laser generation

A

adding energy to electrons causes them to move to higher orbit
if the electron gives up energy it moves to a lower orbit
spontaneous emission

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7
Q

what is spontaneous emission?

A

giving up energy

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8
Q

describe stimulated emissions

A

an excited atom will release a photon
if that photon interacts with another excited atom, it will release another photon
both photons have identical frequency, direction and phase
both photons continue to cause the release of other identical photons as long as excited atoms are present

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9
Q

population inversion

A

the number of excited atoms outweighs the number at ground state

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10
Q

pumping

A

the application of an external source of power to the lasing medium
causes population inversaion

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11
Q

what are the 5 ways to produce a laser?

A 
pumping of active medium
population inversion
spontaneous emission
stimulated emission
amplification
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12
Q

coherence

A

same wavelength and all in phase

light is emitted in an organized fashion rather than randomly as in a light bulb

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13
Q

monochromatic

A

single color, same wavelength

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14
Q

collimation

A

photons move in a parallel fashion, they don’t diverse

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15
Q

wavelength

A

longer (lower frequency)= deeper penetration

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16
Q

name the types of lasers

A

gas
solid
semiconductor
liquid

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17
Q

types of gas, liquid and solid lasers

A

helium-neon gas in lasing chamber

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18
Q

semiconductor laser

A

tow layers of material in silicon matrix

layer inteface is reflective

19
Q

what helps determine the depth of penetration?

A

melanin or hemoglobin increase, the depth of penetration of the light decreases
the wavelength of the light will determine the overall depth of penetration the photons will attain

20
Q

application of laser

A

laser should be in light contact with patient
90 degree angle to the treatment area
cover each square centimeter of the treatment area

21
Q

what is the alternate method of application?

A

scanning technique
hold laser 5-10m from skin
energy level decreases with distance
alter intensity to take that into account

22
Q

photobiomodulation

A

effect is from absorption of photons of light by cells

23
Q

photobiostimulation

A

lower doses of laser

24
Q

photobioinhibition

A

higher doses of laser

25
Q

chromophores

A

molecules which accpet energy from photons

cytochromes

26
Q

cytochromes are located where?

A

in mitochrondria
sensitive to light photons
absorption of photons triggers biochemical reactions

27
Q

cellular mechanisms of laser

A

changes in Na-K channel
increase intracellular calcium
the calcium flux affects the level of cyclic nucleotides, which modulate DNA and RNA synthesis, which modulates cell proliferation

28
Q

biological effects of low level laser therapy

A

enhancement of ATP synthesis
stimulated vasodilation via increased histamine, NO and serotonin
beneficial acceleration of leukocytic activity
converting prostaglandin into prostacyclin
reduction in interkeukin-1
enhanced lymphocyte response
temperature modulation
stabilization of cellular membrane

29
Q

mechanism of biological effects of laser

A

photons absorbed by the tissues
stimulates metabolic processes and cell proliferation through synthesis of nucleic acids and enhanced cell division
alter molecular level activity

30
Q

photostimulation (photobiomodulation)

A

the process where a chain of chemical reactions is triggered by exposure to light

31
Q

stimulation of the respiratory electron transport chain results in 2 major events

A

light changes the reduction/oxidation status of the mitochondria which leads to enhanced ATP synthesis
the activation of sodium/potassium pump alters the cell membrane permeability to flow of claicum

32
Q

what are the primary effects of photobiostimulation?

A

direct interaction of photons with cytochromes

33
Q

what are the secondary effects of photobiostimulation?

A

occur in the same cell in which photons produced the primary effects
induced by primary effects
cel proliferation
protein synthesis
degranulation
growth factor secretion
myofibroblast contraction and neurotransmitter modification
depending on the cell type and its sensitivity

34
Q

tertiary effects of photobiostimulation

A

are the indirect responses of distant cells to change in other cells that have interacted directly with photons
least predictable

35
Q

indications

A 
wound healing
TMD
myofascial pain
osteoarthritis
RA
tendinopathy
trigger points epicondylitis
neck and low back pain
36
Q

class I FDA classification

A

safe under reasonably foreseeable use

37
Q

class 1M

A

safe except when used with optical aids

38
Q

Class II

A

hazardous if directed continually into the eye

39
Q

class III

A

moderate risk to retina but not to the skin or tissues. operator and patient must wear protective eye wear

40
Q

class IV

A

can cause damage to eyes, skin burns, fire hazard

41
Q

contraindication for laser therapy

A 
cancer
pregnancy
direct exposure to eyes
areas of active hemorrhage
over the thyroid gland
directly over open wounds, unless covered with a clear protective barrier
epileptic patients
42
Q

super pulsed laser

A

pulses or bursts of energy with higher peak power and less thermal effects

43
Q

stimulatory frequencies

A

lower frequencies are termed biostimulatory

44
Q

arndt schultz principle

A

biological reactions are not only dictated by dose, but the rate at which the energy is delivered

Passive Care Exam Two (6 decks)

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