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Zoology > Lophotrochozoa (Bilateria) > Flashcards

Lophotrochozoa (Bilateria) Flashcards

1
Q

All belong to which cade?

A

Bilateria

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2
Q

What’s special about lophotrochozoa

A

within bilateria, most phyla belong to clade lophotrochozoa

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3
Q

Main bilateria characteristics

A
  • bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic development (3 germ layers)
  • most have digestive tract with 2 openings
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4
Q

what are the 3 major clades of bilaterally similar animals according to molecular evidence?

A
  • deuterostomia
  • lophotrochozoa
  • ecdysozoa
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5
Q

lophotrochozoa have how many body forms?

A

18 phyla total
5 major, large ones

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6
Q

Lophophore is what?

A

crown of ciliated tentacles

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7
Q

what phyla are lophophore’s present in?

A

brachiopods and bryozoans

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8
Q

trochophore larva is what?

A

shaped like spinning top and very small
generally translucent
present in some clade members

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9
Q

what’s different about lophotrochozoas?

A

no unique morphological features - derived characteristics - shared by all members
some clade members lack both features

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10
Q

what phyla does a marine flatworm belong to?

A

Platyhelminthes

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11
Q

how many species of Platyhelminthes?

A

roughly 20,000

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12
Q

key characteristics of Platyhelminthes?

A
  • free living, freshwater and marine
  • reproduce sexually and asexually
  • triploblastic development - mesodermal layer
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13
Q

what does acoelomates mean

A

no body cavity, triploblastic development

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14
Q

what are the 3 basic tissue layers?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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15
Q

what is the ectoderm?

A

epidermis, rise to nerve cells

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16
Q

what is the mesoderm?

A

solid filling in invertebrates

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17
Q

what is the endoderm?

A

gut lining in flatworms and humans

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18
Q

why do flatworms have no formal organs for gas exchange?

A

high surface area relative to mass
gas has short distance
lack blood supply, organ to transport blood

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19
Q

characteristics of Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

A
  • intracellular digestion
  • sac like gut: undigested items ejected via mouth (no anus)
  • no circulatory system
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20
Q

Platyhelminthes feeding and digestion

A
  • pharynx connects mouth and intestine which can be protruded to capture prey
  • many carnivores, some feed on algae
  • slime toxins
  • some hit prey with hard, spiked penis
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21
Q

locomotion of Platyhelminthes

A

glide
body covered in cilia
cilia provide fence for propulsion

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22
Q

nitrogenous waste excretion of Platyhelminthes

A

nitrogenous waste eliminated across general body surface through opening in body wall

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23
Q

what are protonephridia?

A

bundle of flame cells - tubules

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24
Q

reproduction of Platyhelminthes

A

assexual reproduction and regeneration via fission
highly regenerative - memory retained even if they need to grow a new head

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25
Q

Platyhelminthes nervous system

A
  • nerve cords with simple brain
  • bilaterally symmetrical
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26
Q

eye spots mean…?

A

can learn to overcome light avoidance

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27
Q

shared basic characteristics of bryozoa and brachiopoda

A
  • crown of ciliated tentacles
  • U-shaped alimentary canal
  • no head
  • sessile - don’t move, stationary
  • ‘coelomates’ - triploblastic (form pockets)
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28
Q

How many species of Bryozoa

A

roughly 4000

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29
Q

what are known as ‘moss animals’

A

bryozoa

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30
Q

where are bryozoa usually found?

A

UK, on kelp washed up on beach

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31
Q

basic characteristics of bryozoa

A
  • small
  • colonial
  • hard exoskeleton - contribute to reef building
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32
Q

body plan of bryozoa

A
  • U-shaped gut
  • lophophore to feed
  • anus, stomach, intestine
  • retractor muscle to draw lophophore ack into body
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33
Q

what is a statoplast?

A

an asexually produced encapsulated bud of a freshwater bryozoa that is released upon disintegration of the parent colony in Autumn, remains inactive through winter

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34
Q

how many species of brachiopoda

A

roughly 350

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35
Q

characteristics of brachiopoda

A
  • sessile bottom dwellers
  • shells on dorsal and ventral sides (unlike bivalve molluscs but otherwise resemble them)
  • all marine
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36
Q

brachiopoda are divided into 2 classes

A

articulata and inarticulata

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37
Q

Anatomy of inarticulate brachiopods

A
  • the pedicle valve (dorsal) larger than the brachial valve (ventral)
  • organs in coelom with contractile heart
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38
Q

what does the pedicle valve do?

A

attached the animal to the seabed

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39
Q

Anatomy of articulate brachiopods

A
  • open and close shells in different ways
  • named after tooth and socket joint
  • clear lophophore
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40
Q

what does the name ‘Rotifera’ mean?

A

wheel bearer - refers to crown of cilia at anterior end

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41
Q

characteristics of Rotifera

A
  • fresh water
  • anus and mouth
  • small
  • cilia for feeding and jaw for grinding
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42
Q

body plan of Rotifera

A
  • anterior end = head region
  • modified muscular pharynx - Master (intricate jaws)
  • trunk contains visceral organs
  • supported on food and substrate
  • not a coelmate
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43
Q

Rotifera have roughly 1000 what?

A

limited cells (specialised organs also)

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44
Q

3 Rotifera classes have 3 reproduction types:

A
  • gonochoristic
  • parthonogenesis
  • bdelloidea
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45
Q

what does gonochoristic mean?

A

have a specific sex

46
Q

what does parthenogenesis mean

A

females that produce more females from unfertilised eggs (don’t need males)

47
Q

what does bdelloidea mean?

A

strictly asexual reproduction for 40-11 million years

48
Q

what is a Turbellaria?

A

Platyhelminthes
all subgroups that aren’t parasitic
free living mix of parasitic and non-parasitic species

49
Q

Turbellaria reproduction

A
  • all are simultaneous hermaphrodites and fertilise eggs internally
  • mate by penis fencing
50
Q

what is penis fencing?

A

try to impregnate each other, loser adopts female role

51
Q

what are trematodes

A

sub group of parasitic flatworms
known as flukes

52
Q

what are Cestoda?

A

tapeworms
live mostly in vertebrates
hooks and suckers

53
Q

what is a proglotids?

A

sac of sex organs

54
Q

taenia sodium infections

A
  • eating meat with cysticerci = intestinal infection
  • infection with eggs or faeces means cysticerci can form in connective tissue and brain
  • can cause epilepsy and death
55
Q

what is the leading cause of epilepsy in humans?

A

neurocysticercosis

56
Q

what forms to Molluscs include?

A

clams/oysters/squids/octopods/snails

57
Q

are typical molluscs symmetrical?

A

yes, bilaterally

58
Q

ventral surface of molluscs

A

flattened and muscular to form sole or foot

59
Q

dorsal surface of molluscs

A

covered by childlike shell to protect underlying internal organs

60
Q

What is the mantle?

A

epidermis, it secretes its shell

61
Q

what are shells made out of?

A

calcium carbonate

62
Q

what is the result of the epidermal sections of the mollusc shell being continual

A

the shell increases in diameter and thickness at the same time

63
Q

what does the pair of gills do

A

they project from mantle cavity
water enters lower cavity up through gills

64
Q

Bivalvia = what?

A

class of molluscs that are compressed and possess a shell with 2 valves that enclose the entire body

65
Q

examples of bivalves

A

mussels/clams/scallops/oysters etc

66
Q

characteristics of bivalves

A
  • most marine
  • suspension feeders
  • no head or radula
  • no brain - nerve network
67
Q

shell of bivalves

A
  • left and right valves that attach and articulate with each other
  • dorsally held together by hinge ligaments
  • valves close with adductor muscles - outer hinge ligament is trenched and the inner compressed
68
Q

benefits to have a shell and adductors

A
  • defense
  • prevent desiccation
  • support internal organs
69
Q

Mollusca body plan in bivalves

A
  • edges of mantle folds form incurrent and excurrent siphons
  • cilia direct water flow over gills for gas exchange and filter feeding
  • the radula is absent
70
Q

feeding of molluscs

A

most = filter feeders
gills modified to increase food capture
cilia on gills to capture food particles
food particles transported in a stream of mucus to the mouth

71
Q

digestion of molluscs - bivalves

A
  • cilia in stomach cause rotation and churning
  • suitable particles to digestive gland
  • waste material pushed to rectum and removed via anal pore
72
Q

generalise bivalve body plan

A
  • foot attached ventrally
  • gills covered by mantle folds
  • edges of mantle folds form siphons
  • mantle function in gas exchange
73
Q

differences in different brachiopod and bivalve muscles with their shells

A

articulate brach = tooth and socket
inarticulate brach = no teeth, adutor muscles, celome pressure
bivalve molluscs = elastic hinge ligament

74
Q

what are the main clades within the mollusca phyla?

A

8 total
main:
- cephlapoda = octopi, squid
- bivalvia = clams, mussels etc
- gatropoda = snails, limpets etc

75
Q

main characteristics of molluscs

A
  • one of largest phyla
  • microscopic to enormous
  • marine, fresh water, terrestrial
  • filter feeders
  • grazers, carnivores
  • most gonochoristic
  • all soft bodied
76
Q

how many species of mollusca?

A

roughly 93,000 species

77
Q

3 main parts of a generalised molluscs body plan

A
  1. muscular foot (movement)
  2. visceral mass (organs)
  3. mantle (fold tissue over visceral mass, excrete shell)
78
Q

where does fertilisation occur in molluscs?

A

externally in the sea water

79
Q

molluscs stages of development

A

gastrula - trochophore - veliger - adult

80
Q

what is a gastropoda’s circulation

A

heart delivers blood to heat/foot and viscera in mantle cavity

81
Q

gastropoda open circulation

A

blood also has a role in hydrostatic skeleton

82
Q

gastropoda make up how much of molluscs species?

A

75%

83
Q

what are limpits

A

uncoiled gastropods

84
Q

characteristics of gastropoda

A
  • only molluscs to have invaded land
  • univalve coiled shell is typical
  • few metazoan clades have colonised marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats successfully
85
Q

how are pearls formed?

A

inside shell of certain molluscs as a defence against an irritant e.g parasite
immune response

86
Q

what makes up mother of pearl?

A

mantle deposits layers of aragonite and conchiolin

87
Q

how do gastropoda feed

A

varied, ciliary feeders
scavengers
predators
most use radula

88
Q

what are the 3 subclasses of gastropoda

A
  1. Prosobranchia - periwinkle, limpets
  2. Opisthobranchia - sea hares, sea slugs
  3. Pulmonata - land and freshwater snails and slugs
89
Q

reproduction in gastropoda

A

penis is everted and sperm exchange external
Pulmonata = hermaphrodites
copulation ususally courtship involving circling, oral and tenticular contact

90
Q

what are cephalopoda

A

subclass of molluscs
octopods, squids, cuttlefish and nautilus

91
Q

characteristics of cephalopods

A
  • all marine
  • 2-70cm average but can be giants
  • active predators
92
Q

how many cephalopoda species

A

600

93
Q

form and function of cephalopoda

A

internal shell or absent shell = modern form

94
Q

Special about nautilus

A

only species of cephalopod that retains external shell

95
Q

nautilus shell characteristics

A
  • divided by transverse septa into internal chambers
  • perforated septum in the middle by the siphuncle
  • living organism retained in last segment of shell
  • funnel derived from foot
  • tentacle derived from the head
96
Q

limitations on nautilus for having a shell

A

lots of water resistance
limits speed
shell could implode with sudden changes

97
Q

gastropods nervous system

A

simple, sensitive foot for attacks and substrates

98
Q

cephalopods nervous system

A

essentially have a brain
nerves expanded
ganglia concentrated and fused to form brain

99
Q

what protects the brain of a cephalopod

A

cartilaginous cranium

100
Q

cephalopoda feeding and nutrition

A

present radula
jaws in buccal cavity
beak can bite and tear tissue
tissue pulled into buccal cavity by radula
pair of salivary glands empty into buccal cavity

101
Q

what do octopi do to their prey

A

secrete poison and enzymes into prey

102
Q

what do squid feed on

A

fish, crustaceans and other squid

103
Q

what do cuttlefish feed on

A

invertebrates like shrimp and crabs, swim on bottom

104
Q

what do octopods feed on and how

A
  • clams, snails, crustaceans and fish
  • paralyse them with their bite
  • live in dens - lie and wait for food
105
Q

cephalopod visual system

A
  • nerve fibres behind retina
  • thought to not have colour vision
  • squids have colour patten and signal each other with colour due to chromatic aberration which could be maximised due to pupil shape and size
106
Q

colour change in cephalopod

A

manipulation of chromatophores
squid and octopus darken in colour when alarmed
some colour changes correlated with aggression
some colour displays associated with courtship

107
Q

cuttlefish example of using colour

A

court female with one signal side of body and use the other signal side to show it’s a female to the rest of the population

108
Q

ink sacs in cephalopoda

A

ink sac opens behind rectum, gland secretes fluid
used to confuse predators
ink released when alarmed

109
Q

reproduction in cephalopoda

A

male seduce female with display
fertilisation takes place in mantle cavity
complex copulation
one of males arms modified to intermittent organ
male receives spermatophores from his funnel and inserts into female mantle

110
Q

development of cephalopoda

A

direct development, no larva stages

111
Q

what is different about squid reproduction?

A

they often die after they have played their eggs
and they have mass copulation events and fertilisation

Zoology (5 decks)

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