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LSAT Study Set > Loophole: Classic Flaws > Flashcards

Loophole: Classic Flaws Flashcards

1
Q

Bad Conditional Reasoning

A

There’s a conditional premise, but a crazy person reads it backwards without negating it any way BUT the contrapositive

Premise: X –> Y

Crazy Person: Y–> ~X or ~Y –> X

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2
Q

Bad Causal Reasoning

A

Crazy person sees that two things are related, and they concluded that one thing must be causing another

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3
Q

Omitted Options

A

1) What if there’s no relationship here at all?

2) What if the causation is backwards?

3) What if a new factor caused one or both?

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4
Q

Whole-to-Part & Part-to-Whole

A

1) Crazy person says that a member of a category has a property, so all members of the category have it too

2) Crazy person says that a category has a property and says each individual member has it too

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5
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Crazy person takes something small and turns it into something big by talking about something having a property and concluding that a bunch of other things also have that property

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6
Q

Survey Problems

A

1) Biased Sample

2) Biased Questions

3) Other Contradictory Surveys

4) Survey Liars

5) Small Sample Size

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7
Q

False Starts

A

Researchers assume two groups are the same in all respects, but really, one group is ahead of the other

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8
Q

Possibility Does Not Equal Certainty

A

1) Lack of evidence = Evidence of Lacking

2) Proof of Evidence does not mean Evidence of Proof

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9
Q

Implication

A

1) Blair has a belief

2) Crazy person mentions a factual implication of that belief

3) Crazy person claims that Blair believes the implication of that belief

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10
Q

False Dichotomy

A

There are only two options, but there can actually be more

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11
Q

Straw Man

A

Responds to an argument by mishearing what was said to them (has nothing to do with the claim)

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12
Q

Ad Hominem

A

Sane person makes a claim, but a crazy person talks about how the sane person is bad to conclude their argument is false

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13
Q

Circular Reasoning

A

The argument’s conclusion are its premises

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14
Q

Equivocation

A

Crazy person uses a word or idea, intending one of its possible meanings, but the crazy person concludes something using other possible meaning of the word or idea

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15
Q

Appeal Fallacies

A

Crazy person says that a person or group believes something, and they conclude that the thing must be true

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16
Q

Irrelevant

A

Crazy person supplies a few premises but concludes something unrelated to them

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17
Q

Percentages are not Numbers

A

1) Crazy person says “A percent went up” and concludes the real number went up

2) Crazy person says “A real number went up” and says that the associated percentage also went up

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18
Q

Necessary / precondition / required

A

Bad Conditional Reasoning

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19
Q

Sufficient / enough / ensure

A

Bad Conditional Reasoning

20
Q

Effect / Result & Cause / Causal

A

Bad Causal Reasoning

21
Q

Two things occur in conjunction

A

Bad Causal Reasoning

22
Q

One thing happens after another

A

Bad Causal Reasoning

23
Q

Individual member of a group

A

Whole-to-part / Part-to-Whole

24
Q

Parts of a whole / Group as a whole

A

Whole to part / Part to Whole

25
Q

Generalizing Illegitimately

A

Overgeneralization

26
Q

Few instances to all instances

A

Overgeneralization

27
Q

Particular case / atypical cases

A

Overgeneralization

28
Q

Small / biased / unrepresentative sample

A

Survey Problems

29
Q

Merely Possible… actual

A

Possibility not Certainty

30
Q

Probably true… certainty

A

Possibility not Certainty

31
Q

Has not been shown… not true

A

Possibility not Certainty

32
Q

Excludes alternative explanation

A

False Dichotomy

33
Q

Only two possibilities

A

False Dichotomy

34
Q

Misdescribes

35
Q

Easier to challenge

36
Q

Impugns / questions / attacks

A

Ad Hominem

37
Q

Character / motives of proponents

A

Ad Hominem

38
Q

Source Argument

A

Ad Hominem

39
Q

Presupposes what it seeks to establish

A

Circular Reasoning

40
Q

Restates claim / conclusion

A

Circular Reasoning

41
Q

Term / Word in two senses

A

Equivocation

42
Q

Imprecise / ambiguous / vague

A

Equivocation

43
Q

Appeals to / cites

A

Appeal Fallacies

44
Q

Outside area of expertise

A

Appeal Fallacies

45
Q

Irrelevant / not relevant

A

Irrelevant

46
Q

Percentages / absolute numbers

A

Percents not Numbers

47
Q

Relative Fequency

A

Percents not Numbers

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