LONG TEST #2 Flashcards
“dumping ground”
kingdom protista
organisms in kingdom protista are divided into (3)
plant-like
animal-like
fungi-like
animal-like organisms in k. protista
protozoans
plant-like organisms in k. protista
algae
fungi-like organisms in k. protista
slime molds
water molds
no mitochondria - organism
archezoa
algae type
chromista
(3) candidate kingdoms
chlorophyta
green algae
slime molds
asexual eproduction in protozoa
binary fission
sexual reproduction in protozoa
conjugation
(6) phyla of protozoa
zoomastighoporaa
rhizopoda
foraminifera
actinopoda
ciliophora
apicomplexa
representative organism of p. zoomastighopora
zooflagellates
representative organism of rhizopoda
amoeboids
representative organism of foraminifera
foraminiferians
representative organism of actinopoda
radiolarians
representative organism of ciliophora
ciliates
representative organism of apicomplexa
sporozoans
asexual reproduction metthods of algae
binary fission
mitosis
sexual reproduction methods of algae
diverse, many kidns
(9) phyla of algae
rhodophyta
xantophyta
crysophyta
phaeophyta
bacilliarophyta
euglenophyta
chlorophyta
cryptophyta
pyrophyta
representative organism of p. chlorophyta
green algae
representative organism of p. rhodophyta
red algae
representative organism of p. phaeophyta
brown algae
representative organism of p. chrysophyta
diatomss
golden brown aalgae
representative organism of p. pyrophyta
dinoflagellates
representative organism of p. euglenophyta
euglenoids
__ range in size from microscopic to single-celled organisms to large seaweeds
algae
algae are autotorphic/heterotrophic
autotrophic
algae form the reproductive structures called
gametangia
or
gamete chambers
algae are aquatic and have flagella at some point in life
true
algae often contains ___ organelles that synthesize and store starch
pyrenoids
thallus of algae is haploid/diploid
haploid
(4) types of algae
unicellular
colonial
filamentous
multicellular
representative organism of unicellular algae
euglena
representative organism of colonial algae
volvox
representative organism of multicellular algae
kelp
representative organism of filamentous algae
spirogyra
the classification of algae into seven phylum is based on (4)
color
type of chlorophyll
food-storage substance
cell wall composition
most algae reproduce both __ and __
sexuallyy
asexually
most sexual reproduction is algae is triggered by __
environmental stress
the asexual reproduction method in most algae
mitosis
the sexual reproduction methods (4) in most algae
meiosis
zoospores
plus and minus gametes
zygospores
reproduction method in multicellular algae
oedogonium
strucutre in algae that releases flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium
antheridium
structure in algae that houses the zygote
oogonium
oogonium of algae is a ___ spore
diploid
algae
the spore undergoes ___ and produces ___. __ of the four cells becomes a ____ and others divide and become a ____
meiosis
4 haploid zoospores
root-like holdfast
new filament
spirogyra reproduce sexually by ___
conjugation
ulva reproduces by
alternation of generations
algae
2 distinct multicellular phases in alternation of generations
gametophyte
sporophyte
algae
gametophyte is diploid/haploid
haploid
algae
sporophye is diploid/haploid
diploid
algae are __ __ __ that lack the __ of plants
simple
eukaryotic
photoautotrophs
tissue
algae are mostly found in the __
ocean
the location of algae depends on ___ and ___
nutrient availability
wavelength of light
in algae, __ is necessary for physical support, reproduction, and the diffusion of nutrients
water
there are __ species of euglenoids
1000
algal phylum tht have both plant-like and animal-like characteristics
euglenophyta (euglenoids)
euglenoids live in __
freshwater
nutrition acquisition method of euglenoids
mixotroph (heterotroph and autotroph)
euglenoids are mixotroph with about ___ species
8000
pigments in phylum euglenophyta
chlorophylls a and b
euglenoids are motilenonmotile
motile and uses a flagellum (1)
euglenoids characterize the presence of __
pellicle
dinoflagellata (pyrophyta) are __ and _
unicellular
photosynthetic
phylum pyrophyta (dinoflagellates) consists of __ species
3000
phylum pyrophyta has different __ and has ___
shape
2 flagella
in dinoflagellates, the flagella lies in two grooves:
cingulum
sulcus
flagella in dinoflagellates that is transverse
cingulum
flagella n dinoflagellates that is longitudinal
sulcus
a dinoflagellate that is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning
gonyaulax
phylum chrysophyta is diversified because of __
pigmentaion
p. chrysophyta is divided into 3 major classes:
golden brown algae
yellow green algae
diatoms
pigments (3) in p. chrysophyta
major photosynthetic pigment c1 and c2 with
fucoxanthin
carbohydrate reserve in p. chrysophyta
chrysolaminarin
most species in p. chrysophyta are __ and others are __
unicellular
colonial
(5) phylum representatives of p. chrysophyta
diatoms
dinoflagellates
golden algae
Synura
Tetraedriella limbata
phylum representative of chrysophyta - used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste
diatoms
phylum representative of chrysophyta - red tides
dinoflagellates
phylum representative of chrysophyta - important in the formation of petroleum products
golden algae
phylum representative of chrysophyta - golden brown algae
Synura
phylum representative of chrysophyta - yellow green algae
Tetraedriella limbata
phylum chlorophyta consists of __ diverse species
7000
biologist reason that __ give rise to land plants
green algae
both green algae and land plants have __ and __ as well as __
chlorophylls A
B
carotenoids
green algate store food as __
starch
most green algae live in __ and others in saltwater in form of __
freshwater
seaweeds
reproduction of chlorophyta is both _ and _
sexual
asexual
there are __ species of brown algae
1500
species of phylum phaeophyta are mostly __ and include __ and __
marine
seaweed
kelp
all species in p. phaeophyta are __ and __
multicellular
large
p. phaeophyta
individual alga may grow to a length of __ with a __ __ and __
100m
holdfast
stipe blade
algal phylum used in cosmetics and most ice creams
phylum phaeophyta
main pigment iin p. phaeophyta
fucoxanthin
the body of the brown algae is the
thallus
is the root-like structure that anchors the brown algae
holdfast
phaeophyta
__ is the stem and the __ is the leaves
stipe
lamina
there are __ specis of red algae
4000
most species in phylum rhodophyta are __
marine
algal phylum that is smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters
phylum rhodophyta
pigments found in p. rhodophyta
chlorophylls A and C
phycobilins
red algae have cells coated in __ which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules, and some cheeses.
carageenan
most species in phylum rhodophyta are __
multicellular
pigment in red algae that gives its red color
phycobilins sp. phycoerythrin
food reserve in red algae
floridean starch
red algae uses _ reproduction
sexual
some red algae can be found deeper in the sea as they absorbed __
blue light
oldest land plants on earth and have been around for 400 million years or more
bryophytes
bryophytes lack (5)
leaves
true roots
vascular tissues
true stems
lignified tissues
bryophytes contain __ that contain __ in which photosynthesis occurs
leaf-like scales
chloroplasts
bryophytes anchor themselves in the soil by root-like structures called __
rhizoids
__ are relatively simple, sometimes multicellular filaments of thin-walled cells that extend from the photosynthetic tissue into the soil
rhizoids
bryophytes are usually small and ground-hugging. most meeasure between 2-4 inches
true
known as the amphibians of plant kingdom
bryophytes
bryophytes need __ for their fertilization
water
habitat of bryophytes
moist places
humid environment
bryophytes have __ genera and __ species
9000
24000
modes of nutrition of bryophytes (2)
autotrophic
saprophytic
plant body of bryophytes that is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf e.g. Marchantia, Anthoceros
thallus
the 3 parts of sporophyte in bryophytes
foot
seta
capsule
3 classe of bryophytes
musci
hepaticae
anthocerotae
the body of this bryophyte class is usually leafy-like
musci (mosses)
class musci are __ and __
flowerless
seedless
class musci most prefer __, __ locations in the __
damp
shaded
temperate zone
bryophyte class - small, soft plants that are usually 1-10 cm tall
class musci
class musci typically gorw close together in moist or shade areas
true
some mosses are found on __ and in _
rocks
arid locations
class hepaticae are __ __ plant
flowerless
spore-producing
the spores in liverworts are producing in __
small capsules
bryophyte class
Typically small – ranging from 2-20 mm wide with individual plants less than 10 cm long.
Certain species may cover large patches of ground, rocks, trees, or any other reasonably firm substance on which they occur.
class hepaticae (liverworts)
the most familiar liverwort consist of a __, __, __, or __ structure called a __
prostrate
flattened
ribbon-like
branching
thallus (plant body)
term for liverworts with thallus
thallose liverworts
most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in two or more ranks, the middle rank is often conspicuously different from the outer ranks, these are called __ or __
leafy liverwort
scale liverwort
in ancient times, it was believed that this could cure diseases of the liver
class hepaticae
liverwort reduces __ along stream banks
erosion
anthocerotae
the spores typically produced are in __, __ or __ which develops from a __, __
tapering
horn-like
needle-like capsule
flattish
green sheet
in hornworts, only __ species are identified
100
the bryophytes reproduce by (3)
vegetative
sexual
asexual modes of reproduction
type of bryophyte reproduction
in some species, asexual reproduction takes place by the vegetative methods of fragmentation and genome
vegetative reproduction
asexual spores like endospores or akinetes produced in algae are __
absent
type of bryophyte reproduction
the sporogenous cells undergo divisions repeatedly
asexual reproduction
a mature sporongonium (in bryophyte) consists of (3)
basal swollen foot
stalk/seta
capsule
the spore-producing structure in a mature sporongonium
capsule
The capsule comprise of __ surrounded by a layers of __
sporogenous cells
sterile cells
bryophyte asexual reproduction
the last generation of cells is called __ which undergo meiosis to produce __
spore mother cells
tetrads of halpoid spores
The spores are non-motile, cutinized, wind disseminated and alike, therefore, the bryophytes are __
homosporous
In most cases, e.g. Riccia and Marchantia, sterile cells called __ are also produced along with spores
elators
the sexual reproduction in bryophytes is __
oogamous type
sexual reproduction in bryophytes
The gametes are produced in __
multicellular sex organsq
sexual reproduction in bryophytes
the male gametes are __ and __
small motile
sexual reproduction in bryophytes
the female gametes are __ and __
large
non-motile
the (2) sex organs in sexual reproduction in bryophytes
antherdia
archegonia
the multicellular sex organs in bryophytes are protected by an outer wall of __ surrounding sex cells
sterile cells
sex organs in bryophytes developing on the same plant are called __ or __
monoecious
homothallus
sex organs in bryophytes developing on different plants is called __ o __
dioecious
heterothallic
bryophytes
each antheeridium is usually __-shaped
club
bryophytes
the antheridium contains __ or __ surrounded by a single layer of __
androcytes
antherozoid mother cells
sterile jacket cellls
bryophytes
each androcyte metamorphoses into a __ or __
motile iflagellate antherozoid
male sperms
bryophytes
the archegonia are usually _-shaped
flask
bryophytes
each archegonium consists of (3)
basal swollen prtion
venter
neck (elongated part)
archegonia (bryophytes)
an __ surrounded by __ is present in the neck and venter
axial row of cells
jacket of sterile cells
bryophytes
the archegonia is consists of a few __, a __, and an __ or __
neck canal cells
ventral canal cell
egg
oosphere
bryophyte
__ is essential for fertilization
water
bryophytes
The jacket if mature antheridium ruptures, liberating the sperms. The motile flagellated sperms swim in the film of water and reach the neck of an archegonium. In the meantime, axial row of the neck canal cells disorganize and the tip of the archegonium ruptures open. The antherozoids enter the neck and swim down to the egg. On of these sperms fertilizes the egg to produce zygote.
fertilization
alternation of generationsi n bryophytes was first time demonstrated by __
Hofmeister (1851)
life cycle of a plant is called __
alternation of generations
__ and __ generation alternating during life cycle
haploid diploid
multicellular, spore-forming diploid plant structure
sporophyte
multicellular, haploid plant structure, forms gametes
gametophyte
the dominant generation in bryophytes (mosses and ferns)
haploid phase (gametophyte)
(4) significance of alternation of generations
o Better chance for survival
o Better adapted to environment
o Newer varieties develop
o Variations are produced during meiosis
__ phase is gametophytic generation or sexual phase
haploif phase (n)
longer lived, conspicuous as compared to sporophyte.
is dominant in life cycle
gametophytic stage
stage:
Gametic union results into the formation of zygote which develops into sporophyte.
Sporophyte-dependent on gametophyte
diploid stage (2n) or sporophytic stage
heteromorphic alternation of generations
sporophytic stage
(3) difference between moss and liverwort lfe cycle (gametophyte)
presene of protonema
symmetry
rhizoids
(4) difference between moss and liverwort lfe cycle (sporophyte)
I. Development of embryo
II. Capsule organization
III. Photosynthetic system in cell layers of capsule in mosses and absence in liverworts.
IV. Presence of air pores, columella
(3) supporting facts for the origin of bryophytes from algae
- There is a close resemblance between CHLOROPHYLLS and XANTHOPHYLLS of algae to that of bryophytes.
- The presence of motile sperms in bryophytes supports algal ancestry.
- The development of green, filamentous, algal-like PROTONEMA in the life cycle of some bryophytes
importance of bryophytes
ecological importance
economical importance
(9) ecological importance of bryophytes
source of fuel
horticulture
ornamental plant
preservative agent
household uses
house construction
pharmaceutical industry (medicinal uses)
moss industry
fibre industry
- Liverworts and mosses have long been tried and used as a fuel in developed countries like Finland, Sweden, Ireland, West Germany, Poland, and Soviet Union.
source of fuel
- __ a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter.
peat
__ is suitable for production of low and intermediate BTU gas as well as hydrogen, ethylene, natural gas, methanol, and Fisher Tropsch gasoline
peat
- __ are best suited for the production of methane, and peat is likely to become an important source of fuel for production of heat, methane, or electricity in the future.
Peat mosses
- These is a long tradition of use of bryophytes in horticulture as soil additives, because of their high water holding capacity and to air.
horticulture
__ is an important soil conditioner and is commonly used for agricultural and horticultural purposes around the world
peat
- Bryophytes have also been used for green house crops, potted ornamental plants and seedlings, and in garden soil.
ornamental plant
- Bryophytes have excellent power to absorb moisture and can act as good preservative agent. They not only help to prevent food but also help to preserve death bodies.
preservative agent
- These tiny plants are used in the construction of houses and their furnishings.
house construction
- __, __, and __ are the new material use for making houses, they are low cost and easy to transport.
Sphagnumpeat
peatcrete
peatwood
skin treatment
china in the business of medicines made up of bryphytes
pharmaceutical indsutry (medicinal uses)
- China in the business of medicines made up of bryophytes (5 diseases)
tonsillitis
cardiovascular system
cystitis
bronchitis
tympanitis
- Mosses are mixed with wool to make cheap clothes.
- They are used in decoration of net bags and other objects.
- Women also wear their steam like structure in their hair and as decorations in bracelets.
- Used in hiking boats to absorb odour and moisture.
- Used I lining of diapers to improve absorbing power.
fibre industries
(8) economical importance of bryophytes
peat formation
seed beds
food and shelter
decorative purposes
pollution
soil conservation
indicator of soil pH
indicator of acid rain
- Peat is a brown dark colour spongy matter presence due to compression and carbonization by deposits and water.
- Sphagnum and other mosses from peat.
- Used in horticulture, making ethyl alcohol, and illuminating gas.
peat formation
- Pollutants come in many forms from both urban and rural areas. Sulfur dioxide has been a significant industrial pollutant for man years, being a by-product of the use of high sulfur fuels.
- Sulfur dioxide is very damaging but some bryophytes are highly tolerant of sulfur dioxide pollution and examples of these are the mosses Funaria hygrometrica and Bryum argenteum
pollution
- Bryophytes to form a mat and prevent soil erosion.
- The intertwined moss stems and rhizoids bind soil particles firmly.
- Hold large amount of water and reduce run off
soil conservation
- Liverworts and mosses are good indicators of soil pH.
- Some bryophytes can grow in narrow and specific range of pH so therefore, their presence can be used as an indicator of soil pH.
- For example: Campylopus paradxus indicates acidic soil.
indicator of soil pH
- Mosses are good indicators of acid rain because they lack a __ and __ hence are most susceptible than vascular plants
- For example: Neck era indicates high pH as like of acid rain.
indicator of acid rain
protective epidermis
cuticle
primitive vascular plants
ferns and fern allies
whick ferns
p. psilotophyta
ground pines, spike mosses, and quillworts
p. lycophyta
hosetail and scouring rushes
p. equisetophyta
true ferns
p. polypodiophyta
primitive vascular plant characteristics
o Internal conducting tissue developed
o True leaves
o Roots
o Gametophytes are smaller
o Sporophytes are larger and dominant
o Primitive: no seeds
ferns and fern allies phylum
- Sporophytes have neither true leaves, nor roots.
- Stems are rhizomes fork evenly.
p. psilotophyta
fern and fern allies phylum
plants are covered with microphylls
p. lycophyta
leaves with single vein whose trace is not associated with a leaf gap
microphylls
ferns and fern allies phylum
- Sporophytes have ribbed stems containing silica.
- Have whorled, scale-like microphylls that lack chlorophylls.
- The horsetails and scouring rushes
p. equisetophyra
o Branched and unbranched forms, usually less than 1.3 meters tall.
o Stems jointed and ribbed
o Green and photosynthetic
o If branched, then branches in whorls.
o Long-lived
sporophyte of p. equisetophyta
p. equisetophyta
__ deposits on walls of stem epidermal cells
silica
p. equisetophyta
__ in grooves between ribs
stomata
p. equisetophyta
scale-like leaves in __ at nodes = __ are nonfunctional
whorls
microphylls
p. equisetophyta
non-woody cones
strobilli
o lobed, green, cushion-like, up to 8 mm in diameter.
o Short-lived
o Small
o Have archegonia and antheridia
gametophytes in p. equisetophyta
equisetum asexual reproduction method
fragmentation of rhizomes
sexual reproduction of equisetum
Strobilli at tips of stems with sporangia produce spores.
Spores green with 4 ribbon-like elaters attached
structure that aid in spor dispersal in equisetum sexual reproduction
elaters
human and ecological relevance of p. equisetophyta
reconstruction of fossial giant horsetail
“fossil giant horsetail”
Calamites
- True ferns
- Sporophytes have megaphylls that are often large and much divided
- Meiosis forms spores in sporangia
p. polypodiophyta
leaves with more than one vein and a leaf trace associated with leaf gap
megaphylls
p. polypodiophyta
fern leaves are __ - referred to as __ (typically divided into segments)
megaphylls
fronds
sporophyte is the _ phase, composed of (3)
conspicuous
fronds
rhizomes
roots
p. polypodiophyta
fronds first appear coiled in __ (fiddlehead), and then unroll and expands
crozier
p. polypodiophyta
fronds often divided into segments called __
pinnae (sing. pinna)
p. polypodiophyta
sporangia stalked - may be scattered on __, confied to margins, or found in discrete clusters called
lower leaf surface
sori (sing. sorus)
p. polypodiophyta
may be protected by __
indusia (sing. indusium)
p. polypodiophyta
sor - with row of heavy walled, brownish cells called
annulus
p. polypodiophyta
__ catapults spores out of sporangium
annulus
gametophytes in p. polypodiophyta
o Spores released and grow into gametophytes called
prothalli (sing. prothallus)
p. polypodiophyta
__ are one-cell thick, and have archegonia and antheridia
prothalli
gametophytes in p. polypodiophyta require external water for eproduction because (2)
Zygote develops into young sporophyte
Gametophyte usually dies and leaves sporophyte growing independently
human & ecological relevance of p. polypodiophyta (6)
o House plants - Function well as air filters
o Outdoor ornamentals
o Cooked rhizomes as food
o Folk medicine
o Fronds used in thatching for houses
o Basketry and weaving
any recognizable prehistoric organic object preserved from past geological ages
fossil
o Conditions of formation of fossil almost always include __ and an a (Hard parts more likely than soft parts.)
quick burial
sediments
