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BIOL212 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LECTURE > LONG TEST #2 > Flashcards

LONG TEST #2 Flashcards

1
Q

“dumping ground”

A

kingdom protista

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2
Q

organisms in kingdom protista are divided into (3)

A

plant-like
animal-like
fungi-like

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3
Q

animal-like organisms in k. protista

A

protozoans

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4
Q

plant-like organisms in k. protista

A

algae

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5
Q

fungi-like organisms in k. protista

A

slime molds
water molds

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6
Q

no mitochondria - organism

A

archezoa

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7
Q

algae type

A

chromista

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8
Q

(3) candidate kingdoms

A

chlorophyta
green algae
slime molds

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9
Q

asexual eproduction in protozoa

A

binary fission

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10
Q

sexual reproduction in protozoa

A

conjugation

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11
Q

(6) phyla of protozoa

A

zoomastighoporaa
rhizopoda
foraminifera
actinopoda
ciliophora
apicomplexa

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12
Q

representative organism of p. zoomastighopora

A

zooflagellates

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13
Q

representative organism of rhizopoda

A

amoeboids

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14
Q

representative organism of foraminifera

A

foraminiferians

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15
Q

representative organism of actinopoda

A

radiolarians

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16
Q

representative organism of ciliophora

A

ciliates

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17
Q

representative organism of apicomplexa

A

sporozoans

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18
Q

asexual reproduction metthods of algae

A

binary fission
mitosis

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19
Q

sexual reproduction methods of algae

A

diverse, many kidns

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20
Q

(9) phyla of algae

A

rhodophyta
xantophyta
crysophyta
phaeophyta
bacilliarophyta
euglenophyta
chlorophyta
cryptophyta
pyrophyta

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21
Q

representative organism of p. chlorophyta

A

green algae

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22
Q

representative organism of p. rhodophyta

A

red algae

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23
Q

representative organism of p. phaeophyta

A

brown algae

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24
Q

representative organism of p. chrysophyta

A

diatomss
golden brown aalgae

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25
Q

representative organism of p. pyrophyta

A

dinoflagellates

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26
Q

representative organism of p. euglenophyta

A

euglenoids

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27
Q

__ range in size from microscopic to single-celled organisms to large seaweeds

A

algae

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28
Q

algae are autotorphic/heterotrophic

A

autotrophic

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29
Q

algae form the reproductive structures called

A

gametangia
or
gamete chambers

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30
Q

algae are aquatic and have flagella at some point in life

A

true

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31
Q

algae often contains ___ organelles that synthesize and store starch

A

pyrenoids

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32
Q

thallus of algae is haploid/diploid

A

haploid

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33
Q

(4) types of algae

A

unicellular
colonial
filamentous
multicellular

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34
Q

representative organism of unicellular algae

A

euglena

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35
Q

representative organism of colonial algae

A

volvox

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36
Q

representative organism of multicellular algae

A

kelp

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37
Q

representative organism of filamentous algae

A

spirogyra

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38
Q

the classification of algae into seven phylum is based on (4)

A

color
type of chlorophyll
food-storage substance
cell wall composition

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39
Q

most algae reproduce both __ and __

A

sexuallyy
asexually

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40
Q

most sexual reproduction is algae is triggered by __

A

environmental stress

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41
Q

the asexual reproduction method in most algae

A

mitosis

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42
Q

the sexual reproduction methods (4) in most algae

A

meiosis
zoospores
plus and minus gametes
zygospores

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43
Q

reproduction method in multicellular algae

A

oedogonium

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44
Q

strucutre in algae that releases flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium

A

antheridium

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45
Q

structure in algae that houses the zygote

A

oogonium

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46
Q

oogonium of algae is a ___ spore

A

diploid

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47
Q

algae
the spore undergoes ___ and produces ___. __ of the four cells becomes a ____ and others divide and become a ____

A

meiosis
4 haploid zoospores
root-like holdfast
new filament

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48
Q

spirogyra reproduce sexually by ___

A

conjugation

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49
Q

ulva reproduces by

A

alternation of generations

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50
Q

algae
2 distinct multicellular phases in alternation of generations

A

gametophyte
sporophyte

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51
Q

algae
gametophyte is diploid/haploid

A

haploid

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52
Q

algae
sporophye is diploid/haploid

A

diploid

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53
Q

algae are __ __ __ that lack the __ of plants

A

simple
eukaryotic
photoautotrophs
tissue

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54
Q

algae are mostly found in the __

A

ocean

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55
Q

the location of algae depends on ___ and ___

A

nutrient availability
wavelength of light

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56
Q

in algae, __ is necessary for physical support, reproduction, and the diffusion of nutrients

A

water

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57
Q

there are __ species of euglenoids

A

1000

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58
Q

algal phylum tht have both plant-like and animal-like characteristics

A

euglenophyta (euglenoids)

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59
Q

euglenoids live in __

A

freshwater

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60
Q

nutrition acquisition method of euglenoids

A

mixotroph (heterotroph and autotroph)

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61
Q

euglenoids are mixotroph with about ___ species

A

8000

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62
Q

pigments in phylum euglenophyta

A

chlorophylls a and b

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63
Q

euglenoids are motilenonmotile

A

motile and uses a flagellum (1)

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64
Q

euglenoids characterize the presence of __

A

pellicle

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65
Q

dinoflagellata (pyrophyta) are __ and _

A

unicellular
photosynthetic

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66
Q

phylum pyrophyta (dinoflagellates) consists of __ species

A

3000

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67
Q

phylum pyrophyta has different __ and has ___

A

shape
2 flagella

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68
Q

in dinoflagellates, the flagella lies in two grooves:

A

cingulum
sulcus

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69
Q

flagella in dinoflagellates that is transverse

A

cingulum

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70
Q

flagella n dinoflagellates that is longitudinal

A

sulcus

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71
Q

a dinoflagellate that is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning

A

gonyaulax

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72
Q

phylum chrysophyta is diversified because of __

A

pigmentaion

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73
Q

p. chrysophyta is divided into 3 major classes:

A

golden brown algae
yellow green algae
diatoms

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74
Q

pigments (3) in p. chrysophyta

A

major photosynthetic pigment c1 and c2 with
fucoxanthin

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75
Q

carbohydrate reserve in p. chrysophyta

A

chrysolaminarin

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76
Q

most species in p. chrysophyta are __ and others are __

A

unicellular
colonial

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77
Q

(5) phylum representatives of p. chrysophyta

A

diatoms
dinoflagellates
golden algae
Synura
Tetraedriella limbata

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78
Q

phylum representative of chrysophyta - used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste

A

diatoms

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79
Q

phylum representative of chrysophyta - red tides

A

dinoflagellates

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80
Q

phylum representative of chrysophyta - important in the formation of petroleum products

A

golden algae

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81
Q

phylum representative of chrysophyta - golden brown algae

A

Synura

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82
Q

phylum representative of chrysophyta - yellow green algae

A

Tetraedriella limbata

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83
Q

phylum chlorophyta consists of __ diverse species

A

7000

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84
Q

biologist reason that __ give rise to land plants

A

green algae

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85
Q

both green algae and land plants have __ and __ as well as __

A

chlorophylls A
B
carotenoids

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86
Q

green algate store food as __

A

starch

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87
Q

most green algae live in __ and others in saltwater in form of __

A

freshwater
seaweeds

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88
Q

reproduction of chlorophyta is both _ and _

A

sexual
asexual

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89
Q

there are __ species of brown algae

A

1500

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90
Q

species of phylum phaeophyta are mostly __ and include __ and __

A

marine
seaweed
kelp

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91
Q

all species in p. phaeophyta are __ and __

A

multicellular
large

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92
Q

p. phaeophyta
individual alga may grow to a length of __ with a __ __ and __

A

100m
holdfast
stipe blade

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93
Q

algal phylum used in cosmetics and most ice creams

A

phylum phaeophyta

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94
Q

main pigment iin p. phaeophyta

A

fucoxanthin

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95
Q

the body of the brown algae is the

A

thallus

96
Q

is the root-like structure that anchors the brown algae

A

holdfast

97
Q

phaeophyta
__ is the stem and the __ is the leaves

A

stipe
lamina

98
Q

there are __ specis of red algae

A

4000

99
Q

most species in phylum rhodophyta are __

A

marine

100
Q

algal phylum that is smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters

A

phylum rhodophyta

101
Q

pigments found in p. rhodophyta

A

chlorophylls A and C
phycobilins

102
Q

red algae have cells coated in __ which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules, and some cheeses.

A

carageenan

103
Q

most species in phylum rhodophyta are __

A

multicellular

104
Q

pigment in red algae that gives its red color

A

phycobilins sp. phycoerythrin

105
Q

food reserve in red algae

A

floridean starch

106
Q

red algae uses _ reproduction

A

sexual

107
Q

some red algae can be found deeper in the sea as they absorbed __

A

blue light

108
Q

oldest land plants on earth and have been around for 400 million years or more

A

bryophytes

109
Q

bryophytes lack (5)

A

leaves
true roots
vascular tissues
true stems
lignified tissues

110
Q

bryophytes contain __ that contain __ in which photosynthesis occurs

A

leaf-like scales
chloroplasts

111
Q

bryophytes anchor themselves in the soil by root-like structures called __

A

rhizoids

112
Q

__ are relatively simple, sometimes multicellular filaments of thin-walled cells that extend from the photosynthetic tissue into the soil

A

rhizoids

113
Q

bryophytes are usually small and ground-hugging. most meeasure between 2-4 inches

A

true

114
Q

known as the amphibians of plant kingdom

A

bryophytes

115
Q

bryophytes need __ for their fertilization

A

water

116
Q

habitat of bryophytes

A

moist places
humid environment

117
Q

bryophytes have __ genera and __ species

A

9000
24000

118
Q

modes of nutrition of bryophytes (2)

A

autotrophic
saprophytic

119
Q

plant body of bryophytes that is not differentiated into root, stem, and leaf e.g. Marchantia, Anthoceros

A

thallus

120
Q

the 3 parts of sporophyte in bryophytes

A

foot
seta
capsule

121
Q

3 classe of bryophytes

A

musci
hepaticae
anthocerotae

122
Q

the body of this bryophyte class is usually leafy-like

A

musci (mosses)

123
Q

class musci are __ and __

A

flowerless
seedless

124
Q

class musci most prefer __, __ locations in the __

A

damp
shaded
temperate zone

125
Q

bryophyte class - small, soft plants that are usually 1-10 cm tall

A

class musci

126
Q

class musci typically gorw close together in moist or shade areas

A

true

127
Q

some mosses are found on __ and in _

A

rocks
arid locations

128
Q

class hepaticae are __ __ plant

A

flowerless
spore-producing

129
Q

the spores in liverworts are producing in __

A

small capsules

130
Q

bryophyte class
 Typically small – ranging from 2-20 mm wide with individual plants less than 10 cm long.
 Certain species may cover large patches of ground, rocks, trees, or any other reasonably firm substance on which they occur.

A

class hepaticae (liverworts)

131
Q

the most familiar liverwort consist of a __, __, __, or __ structure called a __

A

prostrate
flattened
ribbon-like
branching
thallus (plant body)

132
Q

term for liverworts with thallus

A

thallose liverworts

133
Q

most liverworts produce flattened stems with overlapping scales or leaves in two or more ranks, the middle rank is often conspicuously different from the outer ranks, these are called __ or __

A

leafy liverwort
scale liverwort

134
Q

in ancient times, it was believed that this could cure diseases of the liver

A

class hepaticae

135
Q

liverwort reduces __ along stream banks

A

erosion

136
Q

anthocerotae
the spores typically produced are in __, __ or __ which develops from a __, __

A

tapering
horn-like
needle-like capsule
flattish
green sheet

137
Q

in hornworts, only __ species are identified

A

100

138
Q

the bryophytes reproduce by (3)

A

vegetative
sexual
asexual modes of reproduction

139
Q

type of bryophyte reproduction
in some species, asexual reproduction takes place by the vegetative methods of fragmentation and genome

A

vegetative reproduction

140
Q

asexual spores like endospores or akinetes produced in algae are __

A

absent

141
Q

type of bryophyte reproduction
the sporogenous cells undergo divisions repeatedly

A

asexual reproduction

142
Q

a mature sporongonium (in bryophyte) consists of (3)

A

basal swollen foot
stalk/seta
capsule

143
Q

the spore-producing structure in a mature sporongonium

A

capsule

144
Q

The capsule comprise of __ surrounded by a layers of __

A

sporogenous cells
sterile cells

145
Q

bryophyte asexual reproduction
the last generation of cells is called __ which undergo meiosis to produce __

A

spore mother cells
tetrads of halpoid spores

146
Q

The spores are non-motile, cutinized, wind disseminated and alike, therefore, the bryophytes are __

A

homosporous

147
Q

In most cases, e.g. Riccia and Marchantia, sterile cells called __ are also produced along with spores

A

elators

148
Q

the sexual reproduction in bryophytes is __

A

oogamous type

149
Q

sexual reproduction in bryophytes
The gametes are produced in __

A

multicellular sex organsq

150
Q

sexual reproduction in bryophytes
the male gametes are __ and __

A

small motile

151
Q

sexual reproduction in bryophytes
the female gametes are __ and __

A

large
non-motile

152
Q

the (2) sex organs in sexual reproduction in bryophytes

A

antherdia
archegonia

153
Q

the multicellular sex organs in bryophytes are protected by an outer wall of __ surrounding sex cells

A

sterile cells

154
Q

sex organs in bryophytes developing on the same plant are called __ or __

A

monoecious
homothallus

155
Q

sex organs in bryophytes developing on different plants is called __ o __

A

dioecious
heterothallic

156
Q

bryophytes
each antheeridium is usually __-shaped

A

club

157
Q

bryophytes
the antheridium contains __ or __ surrounded by a single layer of __

A

androcytes
antherozoid mother cells
sterile jacket cellls

158
Q

bryophytes
each androcyte metamorphoses into a __ or __

A

motile iflagellate antherozoid
male sperms

159
Q

bryophytes
the archegonia are usually _-shaped

A

flask

160
Q

bryophytes
each archegonium consists of (3)

A

basal swollen prtion
venter
neck (elongated part)

161
Q

archegonia (bryophytes)
an __ surrounded by __ is present in the neck and venter

A

axial row of cells
jacket of sterile cells

162
Q

bryophytes
the archegonia is consists of a few __, a __, and an __ or __

A

neck canal cells
ventral canal cell
egg
oosphere

163
Q

bryophyte
__ is essential for fertilization

A

water

164
Q

bryophytes
The jacket if mature antheridium ruptures, liberating the sperms. The motile flagellated sperms swim in the film of water and reach the neck of an archegonium. In the meantime, axial row of the neck canal cells disorganize and the tip of the archegonium ruptures open. The antherozoids enter the neck and swim down to the egg. On of these sperms fertilizes the egg to produce zygote.

A

fertilization

165
Q

alternation of generationsi n bryophytes was first time demonstrated by __

A

Hofmeister (1851)

166
Q

life cycle of a plant is called __

A

alternation of generations

167
Q

__ and __ generation alternating during life cycle

A

haploid diploid

168
Q

multicellular, spore-forming diploid plant structure

A

sporophyte

169
Q

multicellular, haploid plant structure, forms gametes

A

gametophyte

170
Q

the dominant generation in bryophytes (mosses and ferns)

A

haploid phase (gametophyte)

171
Q

(4) significance of alternation of generations

A

o Better chance for survival
o Better adapted to environment
o Newer varieties develop
o Variations are produced during meiosis

172
Q

__ phase is gametophytic generation or sexual phase

A

haploif phase (n)

173
Q

longer lived, conspicuous as compared to sporophyte.
is dominant in life cycle

A

gametophytic stage

174
Q

stage:
Gametic union results into the formation of zygote which develops into sporophyte.
Sporophyte-dependent on gametophyte

A

diploid stage (2n) or sporophytic stage

175
Q

heteromorphic alternation of generations

A

sporophytic stage

176
Q

(3) difference between moss and liverwort lfe cycle (gametophyte)

A

presene of protonema
symmetry
rhizoids

177
Q

(4) difference between moss and liverwort lfe cycle (sporophyte)

A

I. Development of embryo
II. Capsule organization
III. Photosynthetic system in cell layers of capsule in mosses and absence in liverworts.
IV. Presence of air pores, columella

178
Q

(3) supporting facts for the origin of bryophytes from algae

A
  1. There is a close resemblance between CHLOROPHYLLS and XANTHOPHYLLS of algae to that of bryophytes.
  2. The presence of motile sperms in bryophytes supports algal ancestry.
  3. The development of green, filamentous, algal-like PROTONEMA in the life cycle of some bryophytes
179
Q

importance of bryophytes

A

ecological importance
economical importance

180
Q

(9) ecological importance of bryophytes

A

source of fuel
horticulture
ornamental plant
preservative agent
household uses
house construction
pharmaceutical industry (medicinal uses)
moss industry
fibre industry

181
Q
  • Liverworts and mosses have long been tried and used as a fuel in developed countries like Finland, Sweden, Ireland, West Germany, Poland, and Soviet Union.
A

source of fuel

182
Q
  • __ a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter.
A

peat

183
Q

__ is suitable for production of low and intermediate BTU gas as well as hydrogen, ethylene, natural gas, methanol, and Fisher Tropsch gasoline

A

peat

184
Q
  • __ are best suited for the production of methane, and peat is likely to become an important source of fuel for production of heat, methane, or electricity in the future.
A

Peat mosses

185
Q
  • These is a long tradition of use of bryophytes in horticulture as soil additives, because of their high water holding capacity and to air.
A

horticulture

186
Q

__ is an important soil conditioner and is commonly used for agricultural and horticultural purposes around the world

A

peat

187
Q
  • Bryophytes have also been used for green house crops, potted ornamental plants and seedlings, and in garden soil.
A

ornamental plant

188
Q
  • Bryophytes have excellent power to absorb moisture and can act as good preservative agent. They not only help to prevent food but also help to preserve death bodies.
A

preservative agent

189
Q
  • These tiny plants are used in the construction of houses and their furnishings.
A

house construction

190
Q
  • __, __, and __ are the new material use for making houses, they are low cost and easy to transport.
A

Sphagnumpeat
peatcrete
peatwood

191
Q

skin treatment
china in the business of medicines made up of bryphytes

A

pharmaceutical indsutry (medicinal uses)

192
Q
  • China in the business of medicines made up of bryophytes (5 diseases)
A

tonsillitis
cardiovascular system
cystitis
bronchitis
tympanitis

193
Q
  • Mosses are mixed with wool to make cheap clothes.
  • They are used in decoration of net bags and other objects.
  • Women also wear their steam like structure in their hair and as decorations in bracelets.
  • Used in hiking boats to absorb odour and moisture.
  • Used I lining of diapers to improve absorbing power.
A

fibre industries

194
Q

(8) economical importance of bryophytes

A

peat formation
seed beds
food and shelter
decorative purposes
pollution
soil conservation
indicator of soil pH
indicator of acid rain

195
Q
  • Peat is a brown dark colour spongy matter presence due to compression and carbonization by deposits and water.
  • Sphagnum and other mosses from peat.
  • Used in horticulture, making ethyl alcohol, and illuminating gas.
A

peat formation

196
Q
  • Pollutants come in many forms from both urban and rural areas. Sulfur dioxide has been a significant industrial pollutant for man years, being a by-product of the use of high sulfur fuels.
  • Sulfur dioxide is very damaging but some bryophytes are highly tolerant of sulfur dioxide pollution and examples of these are the mosses Funaria hygrometrica and Bryum argenteum
A

pollution

197
Q
  • Bryophytes to form a mat and prevent soil erosion.
  • The intertwined moss stems and rhizoids bind soil particles firmly.
  • Hold large amount of water and reduce run off
A

soil conservation

198
Q
  • Liverworts and mosses are good indicators of soil pH.
  • Some bryophytes can grow in narrow and specific range of pH so therefore, their presence can be used as an indicator of soil pH.
  • For example: Campylopus paradxus indicates acidic soil.
A

indicator of soil pH

199
Q
  • Mosses are good indicators of acid rain because they lack a __ and __ hence are most susceptible than vascular plants
  • For example: Neck era indicates high pH as like of acid rain.
A

indicator of acid rain
protective epidermis
cuticle

200
Q

primitive vascular plants

A

ferns and fern allies

201
Q

whick ferns

A

p. psilotophyta

202
Q

ground pines, spike mosses, and quillworts

A

p. lycophyta

203
Q

hosetail and scouring rushes

A

p. equisetophyta

204
Q

true ferns

A

p. polypodiophyta

205
Q

primitive vascular plant characteristics

A

o Internal conducting tissue developed
o True leaves
o Roots
o Gametophytes are smaller
o Sporophytes are larger and dominant
o Primitive: no seeds

206
Q

ferns and fern allies phylum
- Sporophytes have neither true leaves, nor roots.
- Stems are rhizomes fork evenly.

A

p. psilotophyta

207
Q

fern and fern allies phylum
plants are covered with microphylls

A

p. lycophyta

208
Q

leaves with single vein whose trace is not associated with a leaf gap

A

microphylls

209
Q

ferns and fern allies phylum
- Sporophytes have ribbed stems containing silica.
- Have whorled, scale-like microphylls that lack chlorophylls.
- The horsetails and scouring rushes

A

p. equisetophyra

210
Q

o Branched and unbranched forms, usually less than 1.3 meters tall.
o Stems jointed and ribbed
o Green and photosynthetic
o If branched, then branches in whorls.
o Long-lived

A

sporophyte of p. equisetophyta

211
Q

p. equisetophyta
__ deposits on walls of stem epidermal cells

A

silica

212
Q

p. equisetophyta
__ in grooves between ribs

A

stomata

213
Q

p. equisetophyta
scale-like leaves in __ at nodes = __ are nonfunctional

A

whorls
microphylls

214
Q

p. equisetophyta
non-woody cones

A

strobilli

215
Q

o lobed, green, cushion-like, up to 8 mm in diameter.
o Short-lived
o Small
o Have archegonia and antheridia

A

gametophytes in p. equisetophyta

216
Q

equisetum asexual reproduction method

A

fragmentation of rhizomes

217
Q

sexual reproduction of equisetum

A

 Strobilli at tips of stems with sporangia produce spores.
 Spores green with 4 ribbon-like elaters attached

218
Q

structure that aid in spor dispersal in equisetum sexual reproduction

A

elaters

219
Q

human and ecological relevance of p. equisetophyta

A

reconstruction of fossial giant horsetail

220
Q

“fossil giant horsetail”

A

Calamites

221
Q
  • True ferns
  • Sporophytes have megaphylls that are often large and much divided
  • Meiosis forms spores in sporangia
A

p. polypodiophyta

222
Q

leaves with more than one vein and a leaf trace associated with leaf gap

A

megaphylls

223
Q

p. polypodiophyta
fern leaves are __ - referred to as __ (typically divided into segments)

A

megaphylls
fronds

224
Q

sporophyte is the _ phase, composed of (3)

A

conspicuous
fronds
rhizomes
roots

225
Q

p. polypodiophyta
fronds first appear coiled in __ (fiddlehead), and then unroll and expands

A

crozier

226
Q

p. polypodiophyta
fronds often divided into segments called __

A

pinnae (sing. pinna)

227
Q

p. polypodiophyta
sporangia stalked - may be scattered on __, confied to margins, or found in discrete clusters called

A

lower leaf surface
sori (sing. sorus)

228
Q

p. polypodiophyta
may be protected by __

A

indusia (sing. indusium)

229
Q

p. polypodiophyta
sor - with row of heavy walled, brownish cells called

A

annulus

230
Q

p. polypodiophyta
__ catapults spores out of sporangium

A

annulus

231
Q

gametophytes in p. polypodiophyta
o Spores released and grow into gametophytes called

A

prothalli (sing. prothallus)

232
Q

p. polypodiophyta
__ are one-cell thick, and have archegonia and antheridia

A

prothalli

233
Q

gametophytes in p. polypodiophyta require external water for eproduction because (2)

A

 Zygote develops into young sporophyte
 Gametophyte usually dies and leaves sporophyte growing independently

234
Q

human & ecological relevance of p. polypodiophyta (6)

A

o House plants - Function well as air filters
o Outdoor ornamentals
o Cooked rhizomes as food
o Folk medicine
o Fronds used in thatching for houses
o Basketry and weaving

235
Q

any recognizable prehistoric organic object preserved from past geological ages

A

fossil

236
Q

o Conditions of formation of fossil almost always include __ and an a (Hard parts more likely than soft parts.)

A

quick burial
sediments

BIOL212 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LECTURE (3 decks)

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