Long Term Memory Divisions

Question 1

What is procedural memory? (Tulving,1972)

Answer 1

Knowing how to do things (does not involve conscious thought)

Question 2

What is declarative memory and its divisions? (Tulving, 1972)

Answer 2

Declarative memory is knowing ‘that’ and it requires conscious effort; it can broken into semantic memory (storing meaning/knowledge about the world) and episodic (reflection of past memories)

Question 3

Compare implicit and explicit memory (Tulving, 1972)

Answer 3

Explicit is with conscious recall and implicit is without

Explicit can be directly tested whereas implicit is indirectly tested

Question 4

Empirical research into LTM divisions

Answer 4

Schacter (2002) there is evidence In amnesia patients who have difficulty in retaining explicit information but Implicit is intact
Neuroimaging on patients with brain damage revealed different regions of the brain where used for implicit and explicit processing
Explicit used the hippocampus and implicit the sratium (damage here means it’s difficult to perform certain skills)

Question 5

Barick et al. (1975) study into LTM

Answer 5

Free recall test of participants remembering names of graduate class from a school yearbook photo 
After 15years 60% were accurate and after 48years 30% was accurate

Question 6

Self Memory Systems and LTM (Conway, 2005)

Answer 6

SMS are personal memories organized into meaningful networks of experiences- representation on past and present and sense of self

Question 7

Main evaluation of LTM divisions

Answer 7

Evidence that the LTM also encodes by sound- cannot quite remember word but it’s at the tip of your tongue
Accessibility rather than availability
Explicit memory requires deeper processing but implicit found to be more durable over time

Question 8

Retrieval in the LTM

Answer 8

‘Activation process’ as relevant pieces of information come together and work simultaneously- retrieval cues aid activation
Priming is the activation of one piece of information which leads to activation of another (Eskimo/Indian study)

Question 9

Encoding specificity principle (Tulving and Thompson, 1974)

Answer 9

Cues overlap with original trace and often easier to remember information when we return to the setting it was encoded (state dependent memory)