Long Term Memory

Question 1

How do you retrieve info from LTM?

Answer 1

• info in WM primes related concepts from LTM
• Bread > Butter

Question 2

Activation Calculations

Answer 2

• Activation (Ai)= probability and speed of access to info in memory
• Ai= Bi + EWxSxi
• Bi= Baseline
• Wx=Weight of Prime
• Sxi= Associative strength between prime and target
• Bread=Prime
• Butter= Target
• Need frequency of butter

Question 3

Priming Tasks

Answer 3

• Are both word strings words?
• Bird-Canary
• Band-Turkey
• Judgement times are faster for related pairs

Question 4

Define Retrieval Failures

Answer 4

• We are unable to retrieve info that was previously transferred to LTM

Question 5

Encoding Failures

Answer 5

• Info was not transferred to LTM (inattentive blindness)

Question 6

Retrieval Failure Theories

Answer 6

• Decay
• Interference
• retrieval cues are insufficient or inappropriate

Question 7

What are examples of memory distortions?

Answer 7

• source monitoring errors
• reconstruction errors
• misinformation

Question 8

What are source monitoring errors?

Answer 8

• source of memory is atrributed to wrong time, place, people, etc.

Question 9

What are reconstruction errors?

Answer 9

• retrieving incorrect details
• ex) office schema: recalling that a stapler was in a pic of an office when it wasn’t.

Question 10

Misinformation

Answer 10

• misleading post event info disrupts or biases memory
• evidence with kids and adults

Question 11

Doctor Study (Bruck et al 1995)

Answer 11

• Dr provides exam and leaves then assistant comes in and chat with kid about poster, 5 mins later Dr comes in and gives shot.
• 1 year later, NEW assistant visits homes and gives a neutral reminder“someone gave you a shot, someone chatted about poster” or misleading reminder“assistant gave shot, Dr talked about poster”
• in misleading condition after final visitation, 1/2 of children reported shot given by assistant

Question 12

Car Accident Study (Loftus and Palmer 1974)

Answer 12

• Ps watched video of car accident
• After viewing asked: How fast were the cars going when they HIT, CRASHED, BUMPED, COLLIDED, etc
• IV= Verb type
• smashed=41
• collided=39
• bumped=38
• hit=34
• 1 wk later “ did you see any broken glass?”
• yes response depended on IV

Question 13

Why does monitoring Errors occurr?

Answer 13

• Retroactive Intereference
• Misinformation acceptance

Question 14

Reroactive Interference

Answer 14

both memories exist, misleading new info overshadows original info

Question 15

Misinformation Acceptance

Answer 15

• accept misleading info as having been part of the even with both
• expect stronger misinfo effects when orginal memory trace is weaker

Question 16

Explicit Memory

Answer 16

Declarative:
Facts and events

Question 17

Implicit Memory

Answer 17

Nondeclarative:

• E.g., procedural knowledge, motor skills
• Can influence performance on a task even w/out conscious awareness

Question 18

Henry Gustav Molaison (HM)

Answer 18

• Surgery rendered his hippocampus nonfunctional
• Initial diagnosis: Anterograde amnesia-old memories intact, but could not form new ones
• Challenged by later evidence from implicit tasks (Mirror drawing task; Tower of Hanoi)
• We’ve learned that PKM zeta allows us to store info in LTM.
• the zip enzyme counteracts PKM zeta