long term memory

Question 1

declarative

Answer 1

• knowing that
• conscious recollection
• episodic
• semantic
• explicit

Question 2

non-declarative

Answer 2

• knowing how
• unconscious
• procedural, walking
• priming
• implicit memory

Question 3

episodic memory

Answer 3

• recollection of events
• where and when personal events occured

Question 4

semantic memory

Answer 4

• facts or general knowledge about the world
• abstracted from actual experience

Question 5

is episodic like a video recorder?

Answer 5

• reproduce a detailed and accurate picture of the past
• requires a large amount of processing

Question 6

episodic memory is constructive

Answer 6

• access gist, trivial details omitted
• flexibility needed to form future plans
• prone to error and illusions

Question 7

semantic memory

Answer 7

• stored in the form of concepts
• mental representations of categories (e.g. objects)
• concepts are organized in hierarchies
• superordinate (furniture)
• basic level (chair)
• subordinate, specific (rocking chair)

Question 8

concepts

Answer 8

• typically deal with objects at basic level
• as it gives us informativeness and distinctiveness
• usually acquired first by young children
• similar motor movements when integrating with category members

Question 9

what do mental concepts look like?

Answer 9

assumed to be:
- abstract
- stable
- shared across individuals
vary depending on:
- individual goals
- current context or settings

Question 10

schemas

Answer 10

• intergrated chunks of knowledge about the world,events,people or actions
• in the form of scripts
• info about sequencing of events

Question 11

anterograde amnesia

Answer 11

• reduced ability to acquire new memories
• damage to hippocampus, poor episodic
• damage to para hippocampal cortex,poor semantic
• damage to both,poor semantic and episodic

Question 12

interdependence

Answer 12

• involve similar brain systems in coding and retrieval

Question 13

kan et al (2009)

Answer 13

• learn prices of grocery items (episodic memory task)
• prices either congruent or incongurent with prior knowledge (semantic)
• healthy controls had better memory for congruent prices
• amnesiac patients with poor semantic had no congurent effects

Question 14

semanticization

Answer 14

• episodic memories can become semantic over time
• lack personal/contextual info over time

Question 15

harand et al (2012)

Answer 15

• 200 pictures
• memory tested 3 days and 3 months later using remember/know paradigm
• some memories episodic rembered at both intervals with a stable hippocampal activations
• others were episodic at short interval, semantic at long interval

Question 16

non-declarative memory

Answer 16

• does not involve conscious recollection
• reveals itself through behavior
• 2 major forms
  1. priming
• facilitated processing of repeated stimuli
• occurs rapidly
• tied to a specific stimulus
  2. procedural
• skill learning
• occurs very slowly
• generalizes to numeral stimuli

Question 17

priming

Answer 17

• two types
• perceptual, repeated presentation of stimulus leading to facilitated processing. if already seen it has be processed
• conceptual, repeated presentation leads to perception of meaning, semantically related

Question 18

procedural memory

Answer 18

• includes acquired skills and abilities that have been automated and can be carried out without conscious thought
• initially effortful before being fully learnt and no longer requiring concentrated attention
• automatisation of these processes and allows capacity to be freed up for more urgent tasks that require cognitive resources
• allows you to get dressed and ready while also mentally preparing

Question 19

everyday memory

Answer 19

• Long time and often
  remembered
• Incidental
• Social factors important
• Accuracy is not our
  main goal/motive

Question 20

lab-based memory

Answer 20

• remember info shortly beforehand
• intentional
• social factors and demands absent
• motivated to be as accurate as possible

Question 21

autobiographical memory

Answer 21

• long term memory for life events
• related to episodic memory as both relate to personally experienced events
• complex memories of personal significance that extend back over many years
• flashbulb memories
• vivid memories of distinctive events
• long-lasting if there was an intense emotional experience when formed

Question 22

trauma

Answer 22

painful memories repressed to protect person from psychological harm

Question 23

childhood amnesia

Answer 23

• inhability to recall autobiographical memories from an early childhood
• neurogenesis=process of generating new neurons

Question 24

reminiscence bump

Answer 24

• recall disproportionate number of memories from early adulthood
• generation of life scripts

Question 25

prospective memory

Answer 25

• remembering to carry out intended action
• absence of explicit reminder
• when to do something = low info content

Question 26

retrospective memory

Answer 26

• emphasis on the past
• many external cues
• what we already know= high info context

Question 27

stages of prospective memory

Answer 27

1. intention formation, intention linked to specific cue
2. retention interval, enviromental monitoring task relevant cues
3. cue detection and intention retrieval
4. intention recall, retrieve intention from retrospective memory
5. intention execution, fairly automatic and undemanding