language production Flashcards
speech production
2-3 words per second (-150 words per minute)
use strategies to reduce processing when planning speech
- preformulation: production of phrases used before. language and culture have influence. e.g. a piece of cake
- under specification: use of simplified expressions, common, use as pauses to fill in the gap e.g. or something
effect of intoxication
- reveals complexities about speech production
- impairs attention, memory, thinking and reasoning
- produce more dysfluencies e.g. stuttering
- slower speaking rate (hollien et al)
- reduction in richness and creativity
speech planning
first stage occurs at different levels
clause
- part of sentence containing a subject and a verb e.g. the dog is sleeping
phrase
a group of words that express a single idea e.g. on the bed
clause level
speech errors provide evidence that speech planning extends over the clause
phrase level
(martin et al)
- describe moving pictures
two differing conditions
1. simple initial known phrase e.g. the tie moves
2.conjoined initial noun phrase e.g. the tie and candle move
speech errors
- generally accurate when speaking but sometimes prone to error
- not random but systematic
- provides insight into how cognitive systems work
word exchange
speech planning extends over the entire clause
sound or phoneme exchange
sound of words planned shortly in advance
spoonerism
initial letter of two words are switched
semantic substitution
word replaced by another similar meaning
morpheme exchange
inflexions/suffixes attached to wrong words
morpheme exchange
inflexions/suffixes attached to wrong words
categorical rules
impose constraints on items/categories that acceptable at each level
insertion rules
- select items to be spoken
- most highly activated nodes selected
- can account for several speech production errors
- link between speech production and other cognitive activities e.g. word recognition
- extent interactive processes involved in speech production unclear
- occur less when processing demands high
weaver
- word form encoding by activation verification
- feed for ward activation in serial fashion
three main levels
- highest level:nodes representing lexical concepts
- second level:nodes representing lemmas
- lowest level:nodes representing word forms
- speech production proceeds from meaning (lexical/selection/lemma) to sound (morphemes/phonemes)
- explains tip of the tongue state- semantic activation but phonological processing unsuccessful
strengths and weaknesses of spreading activation theory
strengths
- shift focus from speech errors and towards precise timing of production processes
- simple model that can make testable predictions
weaknesses
- does not allow interaction between different levels
- speech errors occur more than model predicts
neuropsychology
- study of patients with aphasia in 19th century, due to stroke, brain tumour injury infections.
- impairment of language comprehension/production
- some truth but over simplified
- several different areas involved in language processing
- patients with brocas aphasia have damage to wernickes area
- more general problems
neuropsychology
- study of patients with aphasia in 19th century, due to stroke, brain tumour injury infections.
- impairment of language comprehension/production
- some truth but over simplified
- several different areas involved in language processing
- patients with brocas aphasia have damage to wernickes area
- more general problems
Broca’s aphasia
- slow, non-fluent speech
- poor ability to produce syntactically correct sentences
- comprehension relatively intact
- problem with speech production
wernicke’s aphasia
- known as fluent or receptive aphasia
- fluent and grammatical speech
- speech lacks meaning
- issues with comprehension
