Long-Term Conditions Flashcards
1
Q
What is a long-term condition (LTC)?
A
- A persisting condition that lasts for longer than a few months, and has a long-term prognosis
- Examples: Asthma, epilepsy, HIV, diabetes, arthritis, and Alzheimer’s Disease.
- Regular treatment
- Symptoms, disabilities, and ongoing treatment mean that the chronic illness affects patients in many ways.
2
Q
How common are LTCs?
A
- 15 million people in England
- Older adults (58% 60+ vs 14% under 40)
- Lower SES groups (60% greater high v.s. lowest SES)
- £7 in ever £10 health and social care expenditure
3
Q
In what groups are LTCs more common?
A
- Long-term conditions are more prevalent in older people
- 58 per cent of people over 60 compared to 14 per cent under 40
- More common in more deprived groups
- People in the poorest social class have a 60 per cent higher prevalence than those in the richest social class and 30 per cent more severity of disease
4
Q
What are some LTCs?
A
- About 15 million people in England have a long-term condition
- Long-term conditions or chronic diseases are conditions for which there is currently no cure, and which are managed with drugs and other treatment, for example: diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis and hypertension.
5
Q
How are LTCs impacting the NHS?
A
- People with long-term conditions now account for about 50 per cent of all GP appointments, 64 per cent of all outpatient appointments and over 70 per cent of all inpatient bed days.
- Treatment and care for people with long-term conditions is estimated to take up around £7 in every £10 of total health and social care expenditure
6
Q
What are the projections of LTCs?
A
- They are not straightforward
- The Department of Health (based on self-reported health) estimates that the overall number of people with at least one long-term condition may remain relatively stable until 2018.
- However, analysis of individual conditions suggests that the numbers are growing, and the number of people with multiple long-term conditions appears to be rising
7
Q
What is the socio-economic distribution of LTCs?
A
- Most individual long-term conditions are more common in people from lower socio-economic groups, and are usually more severe even in conditions where prevalence is lower
- For example, stroke. General Household Survey data (2006), analysed by the Department of Health below, shows those from unskilled occupations (52 per cent) suffer from long-term conditions more than groups from professional occupations (33 per cent).
8
Q
What has the WHO said about LTCs?
A
Thinking more globally:
- Non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
- Kill 41 million people each year (71% of all deaths globally).
- 15 million die from an NCD (30-69 years)
- 85% of “premature” deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
- Most NCD deaths due to cardiovascular diseases
9
Q
What does NCD stand for?
A
Noncommunicable diseases
10
Q
What are NCDs?
A
- Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally.
- Each year, 15 million people die from a NCD between the ages of 30 and 69 years; over 85% of these “premature” deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.
- Cardiovascular diseases account for most NCD deaths, or 17.9 million people annually, followed by cancers (9.0 million), respiratory diseases (3.9million), and diabetes (1.6 million).
- These 4 groups of diseases account for over 80% of all premature NCD deaths.
- Tobacco use, physical inactivity, the harmful use of alcohol and unhealthy diets all increase the risk of dying from a NCD.
- Detection, screening and treatment of NCDs, as well as palliative care, are key components of the response to NCDs.
- Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviours factors.
- The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes.
- NCDs disproportionately affect people in low- and middle-income countries where more than three quarters of global NCD deaths – 32million – occur.
11
Q
What is HIV?
A
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
- HIV is a retrovirus
- Not everyone who is exposed to HIV virus becomes HIV positive
- Time for progression from HIV to AIDS is variable
- Not everyone with HIV dies from AIDS
- This variability may illustrate a role for psychology
- 36.7 million people worldwide with HIV
- Prevalence peaked late 1990’s but it is mostly stabilised now
- Increased number of people living with HIV in population growth & improved life expectancy
12
Q
What are the three main parts to psychological involvement in HIV?
A
1) Susceptibility/Illness onset
2) Progression
3) Longevity
13
Q
What does susceptibility/illness onset of HIV relate to?
A
Being exposed to HIV virus relates to:
• Beliefs about HIV (e.g. Susceptiblity, attitudes, norms)
• Health related behaviours (e.g. Condom use, needle use)
Becoming HIV+ may relate to:
• Use of drugs
• Exposure to other viruses
14
Q
What does the progression of HIV pertain to?
A
Lifestyle may speed up progression through: - Drug use - Unsafe sex - Unhealthy behaviours - Stress Cognitions may influence progression: - Adherence to medication - Stress - Cognitive adjustment - Negative expectations - Finding meaning in stressors - Coping - Emotional in expression
15
Q
What does the longevity of HIV relate to?
A
- General health status
- Health behaviours
- Social support
- Expression of anger and hostility
- Realistic acceptance
