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ECOLEC > Long Exam 1 - Individual Genetics > Flashcards

Long Exam 1 - Individual Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

Winds in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the RIGHT of the direction they travel; reverse for Southern Hemisphere

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2
Q

Upwelling

A

When cold water deeper in the ocean comes up to replace displaced water at the surface

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3
Q

Why are Deserts dry?

A
  1. Cold DRY air sinks at 30degrees N/S
  2. It absorbs moisture from the ground via water gradient
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4
Q

Why do Tropics always rain?

A
  1. Cold moist air from 30degrees belt N/S come to Tropics
  2. It becomes warm moist air, rising into the upper atmosphere [warm air rises]
  3. In the cold atmosphere, moist air condenses and precipitates, raining onto the tropics
  4. Cold dry air following the wind belt, descends at 30 degrees belt N/S repeating the cycle
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5
Q

Which ways do the Polar Easterlies, Westerlies, and Northeast trade winds move towards? [in the northern hemisphere]

A
  1. Polar Easterlies: Left
  2. Westerlies: Right
  3. Northeast Trade winds: Left
    *Their names are where they COME from
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6
Q

Which boundary current carries warm water?

A

Western Boundary Current: Clockwise in the NH, counterclockwise in the SH. Carries warm water from the equator

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7
Q

O horizon

A

Organic layer - freshly fallen organic matter, nutrient-rich

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8
Q

A horizon

A

Mixture of clay, silt sandB

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9
Q

B horizon

A

largest layer
clay hummus and other materials LEACHED from higher layers
Often plants roots found here

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10
Q

Leaching

A

Rainfall pulls nutrients into lower layers

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11
Q

C horizon

A

Weathered plant material

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12
Q

High Constant Temperature
High Constant Rainfall
No Freezing Months

A

Tropical Rainforests

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13
Q

Tropical Rainforests Flora

A

Nutrient-poor soil
Plants with long roots

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14
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Fungi that help rainforest plants obtain phosphorous from soil; symbiotic relationship with plant roots [they make sugars for the fungi]

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15
Q

High Consistent Temperature
Long wet seasons w/ high peaks
Dry seasons
No Freezing Months

A

Tropical Dry Forests

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16
Q

Tropical Dry Forest Flora

A

Plant species are more resilient to dry seasons
Richer, dryer soils = soil erosion

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16
Q

High Temperature
Short wet seasons w/ high peaks
No Freezing Months

A

Savannah

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17
Q

Savannah Flora

A

Seldom trees
Soil have low water permeability = bad for trees
Drought associated with dry seasons lead to lightning-causes wildfires

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18
Q

Temperature > Rainfall
Low Rainfall
Sometimes Freezing Months

A

Desert

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19
Q

Desert Flora

A

Low plant cover and animal abundance but HIGH biodiversity
Decomposition rates decrease in dryer conditions = low organic matter = nutrients stuck in dead organisms

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20
Q

Summer drought
No Freezing Months

A

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubbery

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21
Q

Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubbery Flora

A

Moderate soil fertility
Trees and shrubs particularly evergreen

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22
Q

High Temperature
High Rainfall [coincide]
Some Freezing Months

A

Temperate Grassland

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23
Q

Temperate Grassland Flora

A

Rarely any trees
Nutrient-rich soils = agriculture
Herbaceous vegetation

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24
Q

Temperature < Rainfall
Temperature is Inconsistent
Freezing Months

A

Boreal Forest

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25
Q

High Consistent Rainfall
Short seasonal drought season [spike down]
Low Temperature
Freezing Months

A

Coniferous Temperate Forests

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26
Q

High Consistent Rainfall
Low Temperature
Freezing Months

A

Deciduous Temperate Forests

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27
Q

Temperate Forests Flora

A

Deciduous = flowering plants [moisture dependent]
Coniferous = cones [resilient to moisture variation]
High biomass production
High soil fertility
Tall Trees

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28
Q

Boreal Forest Flora

A

Thin acidic soil, low in fertility
Evergreen conifers
High animal density

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29
Q

Freezing Months
Precipitation > Temperature but very low precipitation
Relatively moderate temperature variation

A

Tundra [seas regulate temperature]

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30
Q

Turnover Time

A

Time required to completely replace the volume of a water reserve

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31
Q

OCEAN STRUCTURE
Littoral Zone
Oceanic Zone

A

Littoral Zone: Intertidal Zone / Shallow shoreline
Oceanic Zone: Beyond continental shelf

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32
Q

Humboldt current

A

Carries cool arctic waters towards Galapagos islands via EBC

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33
Q

5 layers of Oceanic Zone [Oceans ecosystem]

A

Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssal
Hadal

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34
Q

Benthic

A

Ocean floor

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35
Q

Pelagic

A

Above ocean floor

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36
Q

Thermocline

A

Layer of water through which temperature rapidly changes with depth

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37
Q

Halocline

A

Layer of water through which salinity rapidly changes with depth

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38
Q

Pycnocline

A

Layer of water through which density rapidly changes with depth

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38
Q

Thermal Stratification

A

Water layers are separated by heat as warmer waters become less dense

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39
Q

Advection [Ocean]

A

Horizontal movement of cold polar waters towards the equator; to replenish nutrients and O2

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40
Q

Bioluminescence

A

Production and emission of light by organisms; only light apparent past 3,400m

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41
Q

Why are the poles saline during winter but unsaline during summer?

A

SUMMER: ice caps melt, diluting the polar waters
WINTER: water freezes, leaves behind salts

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42
Q

Where is the highest salinity?
Where is the lowest salinity?

A
  • HIGHEST: SUBTROPICS, where evaporation > precipitation
  • LOWEST: TROPICS, where rainfall > water evaporated
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43
Q

Ocean Light

A

80% absorbed in the first 10m by plankton
Bioluminescence

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44
Q

Ocean Water Movement

A

Advection
Wind-driven surface currents creates gyres
Deepwater currents causes upwelling

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45
Q

Ocean Salinity

A

34-36.5 ppt [parts per thousand; 34g of salt in 1000g of water]

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46
Q

Ocean Oxygen

A

200 ml of O2 per 1000ml air
VS 9ml of O2 per 1000ml water
O2 concentration decreases with depth UNTIL it reaches the pycnocline [LOWEST: decomposition rates highest, breathing by feeders] Below pycnocline, high oxygen levels due to advection.

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47
Q

Ocean Biology

A

Photosynthetic organisms found in upper epipelagic zone [EUPHOTIC ZONE]
CHEMOSYNTHESIS: occurs near hot springs

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48
Q

Shallow Marine Waters STRUCTURE
3 Reef Categories

A
  1. Fringing Reefs [hug shores]
  2. Barrier Reefs [between open sea and lagoons]
  3. Coral Atolls [coral inlets built up from submerged islands]
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49
Q

Shallow Marine Waters
LAGOON

A

a stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a low sandbank or coral reef.

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50
Q

Shallow Marine Waters
INTERTIDAL ZONE 4 CLASSIFICATIONS

A
  1. Supratidal Fringe: seldom covered by high tide; sea spray
  2. Upper Intertidal: covered only during highest tides
  3. Lower Intertidal: uncovered only during lowest tides
  4. Subtidal: rarely uncovered
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51
Q

Intertidal Zonation

A

Species are adapted to rising and falling currents, usually amphibious in nature;
Differential tolerances to periodicity of air exposure leads to zonation of species

52
Q

Estuaries

A

“Where the river meets the seas”; forking

53
Q

Mangrove forests are found in ____ climates at ______ altitudes

A

Tropical; low

54
Q

Riparian Zone [Rivers and Streams]

A

Transitional area between aquatic and terrestrial areas of a river

55
Q

RIVERS AND STREAMS
Water column (3)

A
  1. Benthic - above floor
  2. Hyporheic - mixing area between stream water and groundwater
  3. Phreatic - saturated with groundwater
56
Q

RIVERS AND STREAMS
Horizontal Dimensions (3)

A
  1. Wetted Channel [always filled with water]
  2. Active Channel [flooded once a year]
  3. Riparian Zone [further up]
57
Q

As you go from upstream to downstream, food particles become _______

A

finer! [What are the ramifications of a changing food availability?]

58
Q

LAKES STRUCTURE
Littoral Zone
Limnetic Zone (3)

A
  1. Littoral Zone: Shallows
  2. Limnetic Zone: Open lake
    - a. Epilimnion: warm surface
    - b. Metalimnion: temperature changes with depth / thermocline
    - c. Hypolimnion: cold dark waters
59
Q

Hypoxic vs Anoxic

A

Hypoxic: low O2
Anoxic: No O2

60
Q

Oligotrophic

A

Environment with low biological production & nutrients, High Oxygen

61
Q

Eutropic

A

High biological production, low oxygen

62
Q

Specific Heat Capacity

A

Amount of energy to raise the temperature of water without changing temperature

63
Q

Latent Heat of Evaporation

A

Amount of heat required to change a unit matter of material from a liquid to gaseous state without changing temperature

64
Q

Latent Heat of Fusion

A

Amount of heat released as water freezes

65
Q

Ectotherms

A

Body temperature is regulated by environment

66
Q

Endotherms

A

Body temperature is regulated via homeostasis and metabolism

67
Q

Heat budget

A

Heat Stored = Metabolism +- Conduction +- Convection +- Radiation - Evaporation

68
Q

Retes System

A

Blubber insulates heat, heat is gained through blood vessels by fins

69
Q

Reduction of metabolic rate [3]

A
  1. Torpor
  2. Hibernation
  3. Estivation
70
Q

Stenohaline

A

cannot withstand changes in salt concentration

71
Q

Euryhaline

A

can withstand changes in salt concentration

72
Q

Osmoconformers

A

osmoregulatory mechanisms conform to environment; euryhaline-ish

73
Q

Osmoregulators

A

internal mechanisms for regulating salt content, do not depend on environment; stenohaline-ish

74
Q

Calciphobes

A

Plants that don’t like basic soils

75
Q

Calcophiles

A

Plants that like acidic soils

76
Q

Primary Production

A

Photosynthetically Active Radiation [PAR] @ 400-700nm (visible light); the process by which organisms make their own food from inorganic sources.

77
Q

Phototaxis

A

Light-mediated movement/migrations

78
Q

Rhopalia

A

photosynthetic tissue of jellyfish

79
Q

Ocelli

A

photosynthetic spots of worms

80
Q

PAX genes

A

genes responsible for photoreceptive organs

81
Q

Water Budget Animals

A

Internal = Drinking + Food + Absorbed from air - Evaporation - Secreted

82
Q

Water Budget Plants

A

Internal = Roots + Air - Transpiration - secretions

83
Q

photosynthetic autotrophs

A

inorganic source of carbon and energy [co2]

84
Q

chemosynthetic autotroph

A

inorganic source of carbon and energy [not co2]

85
Q

infrared vs ultraviolet

A

IR: long wavelength, low energy
UV: short wavelength, high energy
*PAR lies in the middle

86
Q

C3 Pathway

A

CO2 + Ribulose Biphosphate [5c] = 2 phosphoglyceric acid [3c]
in Mesophyll Cells

87
Q

C4 Pathway

A

bundle sheath organisms [corn]
CO2 + PEP [3c] = Malate/Aspartate [4c]

88
Q

CAM pathway

A

Crassulacean Pathway Metabolism
in Succulent plants
Photosynthesis takes place at night

89
Q

Essential

A

Necessary but not produced by the cell

90
Q

Detritivores

A

Feeds on dead organisms

91
Q

Pmax

A

Maximum rate of photosynthesis; higher in plants more exposed to sunlight

92
Q

Isat

A

Light intensity where Pmax is obtained; where photosynthetic rate no longer increases/plateaus

93
Q

3 Types of basic functional response curves

A

TYPE I: Curve [like photosynthetic] FILTER FEEDERS
TYPE II: Linear MOST ORGANISMS
TYPE III: slow start PREY SHIFT

94
Q

Principle of Allocation

A

Compromise among competing demands for resources; if energies are limited, organisms cannot simultaneously maximize all their life functions

95
Q

Optimal Foraging Theory

A

More abundant prey > larger returns;

Consider energy expended during (1) search for prey (2) handling time

Tend to maximize rate of energy intake

96
Q

Optimal Foraging by Plants

A

Plant allocation in such a manner that increases rate of acquisition of resources in shortest supply

97
Q

Sociality is defined by 3 factors

A

i) Cooperative Feeding
ii) Defense/Protection
iii) Restricted Reproductive Opportunities

98
Q

Cooperation vs Altruism

A

Cooperation: Benefit to both
Altruism: Benefits only one, lowers fitness of doer

99
Q

2 forms of Cooperation w/ examples

A
  1. Cooperation based on Direct Benefits: Female ants stay w/ queen to avoid invasion by other queens or for protection; male manakins stay with alpha male otherwise they’d be alone, they can reproduce with females after alpha male
  2. Cooperation based on Reciprocity: give and take, constant interaction
100
Q

Evolutionary Stable Strategu

A

Choosing the stable strategy over time that is stable over time depending on whether you’ll meet them again or not

101
Q

ALL D is the ESS means:

A

ALL D - you’ll likely never meet them again; betray!

102
Q

W is large and unpredictable for ESS means:

A

W = role of repeated encounters; there is an unpredictability to whether you will meet them again
ESS says to cooperate; TIT FOR TAT

103
Q

3 Factors of ESS

A
  1. Robustness - What type of strategy can thrive in an environment composed of others using their own strategies?
  2. Stability - Resist “invasion” by mutant strategies
  3. Initial Viability - How can it perform in an environment which is predominantly noncooperative
104
Q

TIT FOR TAT

A

Cooperate first then do whatever the other does:
1. Never be the first to defect
2. Defect if the other defects
3. Forgive after one act of retaliation

105
Q

Kinship TIT FOR TAT

A

Kinship - family or relative [determined by pheromone, clustering or visuals]
tit for tat usually in relatives

106
Q

Kin Selection

A

Altruism based on shared genes

107
Q

rb > c

A

r = relationship to the donor
b = benefit received by the donor’s relatives
c = cost of the trait to donor’s fitness

108
Q

Coefficient of relatedness in siblings and parents

109
Q

Eusociality 3 Major Characteristics

A
  1. Overlapping Generations
  2. Cooperative care of young [protecting young of another parent set]
  3. Reproductive Division of labor
110
Q

Why do Organisms live in groups? PROS and CONS

A

PROS:
- strength in numbers
- many eyes hypothesis
- confusion and dilution [less chance of spotting a single cluster vs scattered distribution; less chances of a particular individual being singled out]

CONS:
- Competition

111
Q

Group Selection

A

selection in which traits evolve according to the fitness (survival and reproductive success) of groups

112
Q

Is Group Selection Real?

A

Cheaters are more likely to survive, thus they may increase in frequency and become the dominant behaviour and outlook

113
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Improve survival and reproductive rates of family members; KIN SELECTION

114
Q

Sibling to Sibling coefficient of relativity in a Eusocial community

115
Q

Female production is _____-limited
Male production is _____-limited

A
  1. Resource
  2. Mate
116
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

Individiuals of one sex COMPETE for mates

117
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

Individuals of one sex CHOOSE mates from the other sex based on particular traits

118
Q

Examples of Intrasexual reproduction

A

Same-sex contests
Scrambles
Endurance Rivalry
Sperm Competition
Coercion
Infanticide

119
Q

Example of Intersexual reproduction

A

Mate Preference of the Opposite Sex
Sex ratios and Sexual Selection

120
Q

Runaway Sexual Selection

A

Trait becomes so favored—after several generations, it becomes too exaggerated

121
Q

Good Genes Models/Sexy Sons Hypothesis

A

Attractive organisms are more likely to pass on their genes, making more attractive offspring likely to continue to pass on the genes

122
Q

Egg size and Number in fish

A

LARGE egg size = feed earlier, do not drift as far away, and thus do not disperse great distances [promoting genetic diversity]

123
Q

Plant Seed Rationale

A

Climber seeds are the largest
Graminoid seeds are the smallest

Animal-dispersed seeds are the largest
Wind-dispersed seeds are the smallest

124
Q

Seedlings grown at larger sizes have a higher recruitment rate; but smaller seeds have greater fitness in areas of high disturbance

125
Q

r selection

A

per capita rate of increase
HIGH population rates
Unpredictable environments
Typically small

bacteria
moss
grass
insects

126
Q

K selection

A

carrying capacity
efficient resource use
predictable environments
higher gestation, sexual immature period

humans
mammals

126
Q

Polygyny

A

Multiple receptive females

127
Q

Semelparity

A

single reproductive event

127
Q

iteroparity

A

repeated reproduction; selected during stressful environments to replace young

ECOLEC (8 decks)

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