Long Exam 1 - Individual Genetics Flashcards
1
Q
Coriolis Effect
A
Winds in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the RIGHT of the direction they travel; reverse for Southern Hemisphere
2
Q
Upwelling
A
When cold water deeper in the ocean comes up to replace displaced water at the surface
3
Q
Why are Deserts dry?
A
- Cold DRY air sinks at 30degrees N/S
- It absorbs moisture from the ground via water gradient
4
Q
Why do Tropics always rain?
A
- Cold moist air from 30degrees belt N/S come to Tropics
- It becomes warm moist air, rising into the upper atmosphere [warm air rises]
- In the cold atmosphere, moist air condenses and precipitates, raining onto the tropics
- Cold dry air following the wind belt, descends at 30 degrees belt N/S repeating the cycle
5
Q
Which ways do the Polar Easterlies, Westerlies, and Northeast trade winds move towards? [in the northern hemisphere]
A
- Polar Easterlies: Left
- Westerlies: Right
- Northeast Trade winds: Left
*Their names are where they COME from
6
Q
Which boundary current carries warm water?
A
Western Boundary Current: Clockwise in the NH, counterclockwise in the SH. Carries warm water from the equator
7
Q
O horizon
A
Organic layer - freshly fallen organic matter, nutrient-rich
8
Q
A horizon
A
Mixture of clay, silt sandB
9
Q
B horizon
A
largest layer
clay hummus and other materials LEACHED from higher layers
Often plants roots found here
10
Q
Leaching
A
Rainfall pulls nutrients into lower layers
11
Q
C horizon
A
Weathered plant material
12
Q
High Constant Temperature
High Constant Rainfall
No Freezing Months
A
Tropical Rainforests
13
Q
Tropical Rainforests Flora
A
Nutrient-poor soil
Plants with long roots
14
Q
Mycorrhizae
A
Fungi that help rainforest plants obtain phosphorous from soil; symbiotic relationship with plant roots [they make sugars for the fungi]
15
Q
High Consistent Temperature
Long wet seasons w/ high peaks
Dry seasons
No Freezing Months
A
Tropical Dry Forests
16
Q
Tropical Dry Forest Flora
A
Plant species are more resilient to dry seasons
Richer, dryer soils = soil erosion
16
Q
High Temperature
Short wet seasons w/ high peaks
No Freezing Months
A
Savannah
17
Q
Savannah Flora
A
Seldom trees
Soil have low water permeability = bad for trees
Drought associated with dry seasons lead to lightning-causes wildfires
18
Q
Temperature > Rainfall
Low Rainfall
Sometimes Freezing Months
A
Desert
19
Q
Desert Flora
A
Low plant cover and animal abundance but HIGH biodiversity
Decomposition rates decrease in dryer conditions = low organic matter = nutrients stuck in dead organisms
20
Q
Summer drought
No Freezing Months
A
Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubbery
21
Q
Mediterranean Woodland and Shrubbery Flora
A
Moderate soil fertility
Trees and shrubs particularly evergreen
22
Q
High Temperature
High Rainfall [coincide]
Some Freezing Months
A
Temperate Grassland
23
Q
Temperate Grassland Flora
A
Rarely any trees
Nutrient-rich soils = agriculture
Herbaceous vegetation
24
Temperature < Rainfall
Temperature is Inconsistent
Freezing Months
Boreal Forest
25
High Consistent Rainfall
Short seasonal drought season [spike down]
Low Temperature
Freezing Months
Coniferous Temperate Forests
26
High Consistent Rainfall
Low Temperature
Freezing Months
Deciduous Temperate Forests
27
Temperate Forests Flora
Deciduous = flowering plants [moisture dependent]
Coniferous = cones [resilient to moisture variation]
High biomass production
High soil fertility
Tall Trees
28
Boreal Forest Flora
Thin acidic soil, low in fertility
Evergreen conifers
High animal density
29
Freezing Months
Precipitation > Temperature but very low precipitation
Relatively moderate temperature variation
Tundra [seas regulate temperature]
30
Turnover Time
Time required to completely replace the volume of a water reserve
31
OCEAN STRUCTURE
Littoral Zone
Oceanic Zone
Littoral Zone: Intertidal Zone / Shallow shoreline
Oceanic Zone: Beyond continental shelf
32
Humboldt current
Carries cool arctic waters towards Galapagos islands via EBC
33
5 layers of Oceanic Zone [Oceans ecosystem]
Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssal
Hadal
34
Benthic
Ocean floor
35
Pelagic
Above ocean floor
36
Thermocline
Layer of water through which temperature rapidly changes with depth
37
Halocline
Layer of water through which salinity rapidly changes with depth
38
Pycnocline
Layer of water through which density rapidly changes with depth
38
Thermal Stratification
Water layers are separated by heat as warmer waters become less dense
39
Advection [Ocean]
Horizontal movement of cold polar waters towards the equator; to replenish nutrients and O2
40
Bioluminescence
Production and emission of light by organisms; only light apparent past 3,400m
41
Why are the poles saline during winter but unsaline during summer?
SUMMER: ice caps melt, diluting the polar waters
WINTER: water freezes, leaves behind salts
42
Where is the highest salinity?
Where is the lowest salinity?
- HIGHEST: SUBTROPICS, where evaporation > precipitation
- LOWEST: TROPICS, where rainfall > water evaporated
43
Ocean Light
80% absorbed in the first 10m by plankton
Bioluminescence
44
Ocean Water Movement
Advection
Wind-driven surface currents creates gyres
Deepwater currents causes upwelling
45
Ocean Salinity
34-36.5 ppt [parts per thousand; 34g of salt in 1000g of water]
46
Ocean Oxygen
200 ml of O2 per 1000ml air
VS 9ml of O2 per 1000ml water
O2 concentration decreases with depth UNTIL it reaches the pycnocline [LOWEST: decomposition rates highest, breathing by feeders] Below pycnocline, high oxygen levels due to advection.
47
Ocean Biology
Photosynthetic organisms found in upper epipelagic zone [EUPHOTIC ZONE]
CHEMOSYNTHESIS: occurs near hot springs
48
Shallow Marine Waters STRUCTURE
3 Reef Categories
1. Fringing Reefs [hug shores]
2. Barrier Reefs [between open sea and lagoons]
3. Coral Atolls [coral inlets built up from submerged islands]
49
Shallow Marine Waters
LAGOON
a stretch of salt water separated from the sea by a low sandbank or coral reef.
50
Shallow Marine Waters
INTERTIDAL ZONE 4 CLASSIFICATIONS
1. Supratidal Fringe: seldom covered by high tide; sea spray
2. Upper Intertidal: covered only during highest tides
3. Lower Intertidal: uncovered only during lowest tides
4. Subtidal: rarely uncovered
51
Intertidal Zonation
Species are adapted to rising and falling currents, usually amphibious in nature;
Differential tolerances to periodicity of air exposure leads to zonation of species
52
Estuaries
"Where the river meets the seas"; forking
53
Mangrove forests are found in ____ climates at ______ altitudes
Tropical; low
54
Riparian Zone [Rivers and Streams]
Transitional area between aquatic and terrestrial areas of a river
55
RIVERS AND STREAMS
Water column (3)
1. Benthic - above floor
2. Hyporheic - mixing area between stream water and groundwater
3. Phreatic - saturated with groundwater
56
RIVERS AND STREAMS
Horizontal Dimensions (3)
1. Wetted Channel [always filled with water]
2. Active Channel [flooded once a year]
3. Riparian Zone [further up]
57
As you go from upstream to downstream, food particles become _______
finer! [What are the ramifications of a changing food availability?]
58
LAKES STRUCTURE
Littoral Zone
Limnetic Zone (3)
1. Littoral Zone: Shallows
2. Limnetic Zone: Open lake
- a. Epilimnion: warm surface
- b. Metalimnion: temperature changes with depth / thermocline
- c. Hypolimnion: cold dark waters
59
Hypoxic vs Anoxic
Hypoxic: low O2
Anoxic: No O2
60
Oligotrophic
Environment with low biological production & nutrients, High Oxygen
61
Eutropic
High biological production, low oxygen
62
Specific Heat Capacity
Amount of energy to raise the temperature of water without changing temperature
63
Latent Heat of Evaporation
Amount of heat required to change a unit matter of material from a liquid to gaseous state without changing temperature
64
Latent Heat of Fusion
Amount of heat released as water freezes
65
Ectotherms
Body temperature is regulated by environment
66
Endotherms
Body temperature is regulated via homeostasis and metabolism
67
Heat budget
Heat Stored = Metabolism +- Conduction +- Convection +- Radiation - Evaporation
68
Retes System
Blubber insulates heat, heat is gained through blood vessels by fins
69
Reduction of metabolic rate [3]
1. Torpor
2. Hibernation
3. Estivation
70
Stenohaline
cannot withstand changes in salt concentration
71
Euryhaline
can withstand changes in salt concentration
72
Osmoconformers
osmoregulatory mechanisms conform to environment; euryhaline-ish
73
Osmoregulators
internal mechanisms for regulating salt content, do not depend on environment; stenohaline-ish
74
Calciphobes
Plants that don't like basic soils
75
Calcophiles
Plants that like acidic soils
76
Primary Production
Photosynthetically Active Radiation [PAR] @ 400-700nm (visible light); the process by which organisms make their own food from inorganic sources.
77
Phototaxis
Light-mediated movement/migrations
78
Rhopalia
photosynthetic tissue of jellyfish
79
Ocelli
photosynthetic spots of worms
80
PAX genes
genes responsible for photoreceptive organs
81
Water Budget Animals
Internal = Drinking + Food + Absorbed from air - Evaporation - Secreted
82
Water Budget Plants
Internal = Roots + Air - Transpiration - secretions
83
photosynthetic autotrophs
inorganic source of carbon and energy [co2]
84
chemosynthetic autotroph
inorganic source of carbon and energy [not co2]
85
infrared vs ultraviolet
IR: long wavelength, low energy
UV: short wavelength, high energy
*PAR lies in the middle
86
C3 Pathway
CO2 + Ribulose Biphosphate [5c] = 2 phosphoglyceric acid [3c]
in Mesophyll Cells
87
C4 Pathway
bundle sheath organisms [corn]
CO2 + PEP [3c] = Malate/Aspartate [4c]
88
CAM pathway
Crassulacean Pathway Metabolism
in Succulent plants
Photosynthesis takes place at night
89
Essential
Necessary but not produced by the cell
90
Detritivores
Feeds on dead organisms
91
Pmax
Maximum rate of photosynthesis; higher in plants more exposed to sunlight
92
Isat
Light intensity where Pmax is obtained; where photosynthetic rate no longer increases/plateaus
93
3 Types of basic functional response curves
TYPE I: Curve [like photosynthetic] FILTER FEEDERS
TYPE II: Linear MOST ORGANISMS
TYPE III: slow start PREY SHIFT
94
Principle of Allocation
Compromise among competing demands for resources; if energies are limited, organisms cannot simultaneously maximize all their life functions
95
Optimal Foraging Theory
More abundant prey > larger returns;
Consider energy expended during (1) search for prey (2) handling time
Tend to maximize rate of energy intake
96
Optimal Foraging by Plants
Plant allocation in such a manner that increases rate of acquisition of resources in shortest supply
97
Sociality is defined by 3 factors
i) Cooperative Feeding
ii) Defense/Protection
iii) Restricted Reproductive Opportunities
98
Cooperation vs Altruism
Cooperation: Benefit to both
Altruism: Benefits only one, lowers fitness of doer
99
2 forms of Cooperation w/ examples
1. Cooperation based on Direct Benefits: Female ants stay w/ queen to avoid invasion by other queens or for protection; male manakins stay with alpha male otherwise they'd be alone, they can reproduce with females after alpha male
2. Cooperation based on Reciprocity: give and take, constant interaction
100
Evolutionary Stable Strategu
Choosing the stable strategy over time that is stable over time depending on whether you'll meet them again or not
101
ALL D is the ESS means:
ALL D - you'll likely never meet them again; betray!
102
W is large and unpredictable for ESS means:
W = role of repeated encounters; there is an unpredictability to whether you will meet them again
ESS says to cooperate; TIT FOR TAT
103
3 Factors of ESS
1. Robustness - What type of strategy can thrive in an environment composed of others using their own strategies?
2. Stability - Resist "invasion" by mutant strategies
3. Initial Viability - How can it perform in an environment which is predominantly noncooperative
104
TIT FOR TAT
Cooperate first then do whatever the other does:
1. Never be the first to defect
2. Defect if the other defects
3. Forgive after one act of retaliation
105
Kinship TIT FOR TAT
Kinship - family or relative [determined by pheromone, clustering or visuals]
tit for tat usually in relatives
106
Kin Selection
Altruism based on shared genes
107
rb > c
r = relationship to the donor
b = benefit received by the donor's relatives
c = cost of the trait to donor's fitness
108
Coefficient of relatedness in siblings and parents
0.5
109
Eusociality 3 Major Characteristics
1. Overlapping Generations
2. Cooperative care of young [protecting young of another parent set]
3. Reproductive Division of labor
110
Why do Organisms live in groups? PROS and CONS
PROS:
- strength in numbers
- many eyes hypothesis
- confusion and dilution [less chance of spotting a single cluster vs scattered distribution; less chances of a particular individual being singled out]
CONS:
- Competition
111
Group Selection
selection in which traits evolve according to the fitness (survival and reproductive success) of groups
112
Is Group Selection Real?
Cheaters are more likely to survive, thus they may increase in frequency and become the dominant behaviour and outlook
113
Inclusive Fitness
Improve survival and reproductive rates of family members; KIN SELECTION
114
Sibling to Sibling coefficient of relativity in a Eusocial community
0.75
115
Female production is _____-limited
Male production is _____-limited
1. Resource
2. Mate
116
Intrasexual Selection
Individiuals of one sex COMPETE for mates
117
Intersexual Selection
Individuals of one sex CHOOSE mates from the other sex based on particular traits
118
Examples of Intrasexual reproduction
Same-sex contests
Scrambles
Endurance Rivalry
Sperm Competition
Coercion
Infanticide
119
Example of Intersexual reproduction
Mate Preference of the Opposite Sex
Sex ratios and Sexual Selection
120
Runaway Sexual Selection
Trait becomes so favored—after several generations, it becomes too exaggerated
121
Good Genes Models/Sexy Sons Hypothesis
Attractive organisms are more likely to pass on their genes, making more attractive offspring likely to continue to pass on the genes
122
Egg size and Number in fish
LARGE egg size = feed earlier, do not drift as far away, and thus do not disperse great distances [promoting genetic diversity]
123
Plant Seed Rationale
Climber seeds are the largest
Graminoid seeds are the smallest
Animal-dispersed seeds are the largest
Wind-dispersed seeds are the smallest
124
Seedlings grown at larger sizes have a higher recruitment rate; but smaller seeds have greater fitness in areas of high disturbance
125
r selection
per capita rate of increase
HIGH population rates
Unpredictable environments
Typically small
bacteria
moss
grass
insects
126
K selection
carrying capacity
efficient resource use
predictable environments
higher gestation, sexual immature period
humans
mammals
126
Polygyny
Multiple receptive females
127
Semelparity
single reproductive event
127
iteroparity
repeated reproduction; selected during stressful environments to replace young
128
