Exploitation

Question 1

Exploitation

Answer 1

Interaction between populations that enhances fitness of one individual while reducing fitness of the exploited individua;

Question 2

3 examples of exploitation

Answer 2

predators, parasites, pathogens

Question 3

Parasitoid

Answer 3

insect larva that consumes the host

Question 4

How do organisms defend themselves against predation? [6]

Answer 4

Aposematic Coloration
Camouflage
Mimicry
Behavior [masting, thanatosis]
Polymorphisms
Chemical Defenses

Question 5

Predator-Prey Oscillations [4]

Answer 5

1. Functional responses differ among organisms
2. Predators tend to attack weak/sickly individuals; DOOMED SURPLUS
3. Prey populations influence predator populations
4. Exotic predators influence native prey

Question 6

DOOMED SURPLUS

Answer 6

weak/old/sickly prey that are normally targeted by predators

Question 7

Polymorphism

Answer 7

Species that have multiple physical forms

Question 8

Masting

Answer 8

Large production of seeds over a short time

Question 9

Thanatosis

Answer 9

playing dead

Question 10

Aposematism

Answer 10

Bright coloring/Warning coloring to ward off predators by making them believe they are toxic/lower yield

Question 11

Mimicry

Answer 11

Coloring to imitate other species

Question 12

Overpopulation theories [3]
–> Why is there a prey-predator cycle?
[PREDATION; accdg to Keith and the cycle of abundance in snowshoe hares and their predators]

Answer 12

1. Decimation by disease and parasitism
2. Physiological stress at high density
3. Starvation due to reduced food

Question 13

Specialist Predator

Answer 13

eats specific prey
e.g. Lynx and snowshoe hares

Question 14

How do plants defend themselves against herbivory? [4]

Answer 14

1. Chemical defenses
   a) Quantitative
   b) Qualitative
2. Mechanical defenses
3. Masting
4. Mutualistic relations

Question 15

Quantitative defense

Answer 15

Ingested in large amounts; prevents digestion [e.g. phenolics]

Question 16

Ectoparasites

Answer 16

outside the host

Question 17

Endoparasites

Answer 17

inside the house
[ENDOskeleton]

Question 18

Defense against parasites [3]

Answer 18

1. Cellular defense reactions
2. Vertebrate immune responses
3. Grooming and preening

Question 19

Plagiorhynchus parasite

Answer 19

1. Lays eggs in intestinal walls of Plagiorhynchus which are transported via feces.
2. Isopod eats feces becoming infected
3. Parasite Plagiorhynchus causes isopod to become attracted to light, leaving its shelter
4. Adult bird consumes isopod becoming infected; Plagiorhnychus attaches to intestinal wall

Question 20

Equations for modeling parasitism

Answer 20

Rp = NBL
where Rp = # of infected hoss
N = density of susceptible hosts in population
B = transmission rate of disease
L = average period over which infected host remains infectious

Question 21

Parasitism Model Indications [3]

Answer 21

1. If Rp > 1, disease/parasitism spreads
2. Larger populations tend to breed more parasites/disease
   3/ Parasites will keep their hosts alive longer