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AP world History > Long 19th Century > Flashcards

Long 19th Century Flashcards

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1
Q

First estate

A

Clergy (the church)

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2
Q

Second estate

A

Nobility (knights)

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3
Q

Third estate

A

Everyone else & peasants, farmers, wealthy business class

Demanded equal taxation & constitution

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4
Q

The National Assembly

A

Had a meeting with clergy, nobility & commoners

Voting was unfair, commoners broke away & created the National Assembly

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5
Q

The attack of the Bastille

A

Start of the French Revolution
—> National Assembly met in Paris, but the king threatened to arrest leaders
—> attack of bastille (prison symbolizing abuses of monarchy & corrupt aristocracy)
—> king was forced to accept National Assembly as being in charge

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6
Q

King Louis XVI

A

Last king of France before monarchy fell during the French Revolution
—> first French Republic (refused to accept limited monarchy)
—> dissatisfaction of jacobins (left wing to end King Louis XVI)

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7
Q

First French Republic

A

Refused to accept limited monarchy

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8
Q

Jacobins

A

Left-wing group to end king Louis XVI

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9
Q

Gilbert Du Motier/Lafayette

A

Helped colonist against British & financially aided the American Revolution

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10
Q

The March on Versailles

A

Women’s March on liberal political reforms & constitution monarchy
—> ended kings independence & signified change in power & reforms

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11
Q

The flight to Varennes

A

Royal family’s unsuccessful escape from Paris
—> queen & king against Revolution
—> execution of King Louis XVI

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12
Q

The Brunswick Manifesto

A

Promised that if Louis XVI was not harmed, allies would not harm civilians

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13
Q

Laws of Maximum

A

Government control of prices, taxed the rich, assistance to poor & free education

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14
Q

Comte de Murabeau

A

Declaration of rights of man and of citizen (civil rights to some commoners)

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15
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and if the Citizen

A

Civil rights to some commoners

—> same time: abolishment of feudalism

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16
Q

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A

Attempt to reorganize the Catholic Church on a national basis
—> caused Catholics to turn against the Revolution
—> religious split

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17
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

Legitimized actions from holding a referendum (popular vote)
—> created the legion of honor (rewards most deserving citizens)

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18
Q

Legion of Honor

A

Rewards most deserving citizens

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19
Q

The concordat

A

Reunión between (Napoleon’s) revolutionaries & Catholics

—> Catholic Church as major church of France

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20
Q

Napoleonic Code

A

Authority of men stronger, deprived women of individual rights
—> model for many lawns in European states

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21
Q

University of France

A

Curriculum centered on patriotism

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22
Q

Continental System

A

Strategy to weaken Britain’s economy by banning trade
—> ineffective & led to the fall of Napoleon
—> invaded Russia to enforce policy

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23
Q

Guerilla Warfare in the Peninsula War

A

Armed civilians vs Napoleon’s Army in Spain & Portugal

—> Napoleon’s forced pushed out of Spain

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24
Q

Georges Danton

A

French Revolution & president of committee of safety

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25
Q

Maximilien Robespierre

A

French Revolution & president of national convention & committee of public safety

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26
Q

Congress of Vienna

A

Peace plan for Europe to establish a balance of powers

—> territorial changes kept Europe stable for almost 50 years

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27
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

Latin American revolutionary leader

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28
Q

José de San Matin

A

Argentinian general & won independence in Chile against Spain

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29
Q

Guayaquil Conference

A

Meeting between José de San Martin and Bolivar to discuss the future of Peru
—> disagreed —> De San Martin desired a monarchy & Bolivar desired a Republican government

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30
Q

Diderot

A

Contributed to ideas of the French Revolution through essays

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31
Q

Voltaire

A

Religious freedom (separation of church & state)

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32
Q

Montesquieu

A

Checks and balances & different branches of government

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33
Q

Direct rule

A

Central governments control the country (foreign affairs)

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34
Q

Indirect rule

A

Central government has power, but so do local governments

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35
Q

Communism

A

Equal distribution, public ownership

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36
Q

Capitalism

A

Industries controlled by private owners rather than the state

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37
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

Social contract

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38
Q

Jean-Jacques Rosseau

A

Expanded social contract & will of the people

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39
Q

John Locke

A

Natural rights & right to overthrow the government

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40
Q

Enclosure movement

A

Large landowners forced small landowners to give up and move to cities (industrialization)

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41
Q

Kind George III of Britain

A

Victory in seven years’ war & lost American colonies/ revolution
—> seven years’ war (British vs France power in North America)

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42
Q

Seven years’ war

A

British vs France over power in North America

—> ended with Treaty of Paris

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43
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

Ended the Seven Years’ War

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44
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

Imperialist in Southern Africa driving annexations & diamonds for global trade

45
Q

Adam Smith

A

Laissez-faire economics, free market & capitalism (Laissez-faire —> no government interference in economics)

46
Q

Laissez-faire

A

No government interference in economics

47
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

Utilitarianism (actions are right if they benefit a majority)

48
Q

Utilitarianism

A

actions are right if they benefit a majority

49
Q

Thomas Paine

A

Advocate for U.S. freedom from Britain & anti-church

50
Q

Nat Turner

A

Held a rebellion of enslaved people

51
Q

Dutty Boukman

A

Leader of Haitian Revolution

52
Q

Simon Bolivar

A

Latin American revolutionary leader who pushed enlightenment ideas in Latin America

53
Q

José de San Martin

A

Argentinian general & won independence in Chile against Spain

54
Q

Guayaquil Conference

A

Meeting between José de San Martin and Bolivar to discuss the future of Peru
—> disagreed —> De San Martin desired a monarchy & Bolivar desired a Republican government

55
Q

What did De San Martin desire

A

A monarchy

56
Q

What did Bolivar desire

A

A Republican government

57
Q

Karl Marx

A

Communism

—> Marxism

58
Q

Marxism

A

Communism under Karl Marx

59
Q

Otto Von Bismarck

A

Prussia (Germany)

60
Q

Matthew Commodore Perry

A

U.S. naval officer who forced Japan into imperialism

61
Q

Zaibatsu

A

Large influence on Japanese economy & industrialization

62
Q

Meiji Restoration

A

Dissolution of Japan’s feudal system & restoration of new imperial system

63
Q

Russo-Japanese War

A

War between Russia and Japan for territorial dominance (Korea & Manchuria)
—> Japan won & gained power

64
Q

King Leopold II

A

Established Congo Free State by seizing African Land for personal possession
—> brutal treatment of Native Americans in the Congo

65
Q

Metternich

A

Attempted to restore European politics to a pre-revolutionary state

66
Q

What was the American Revolution inspired by?

A

The enlightenment

67
Q

Physiocrats

A

Believed agriculture was the source of wealth & agricultural products should be priced high

68
Q

Declaration of Independence

A

Colonists’ fight against British rule & rights to life, liberty, & the persist of happiness
—> Thomas Jefferson borrowed enlightenment ideas from John Locke

69
Q

How did _______ write the Declaration of Independence?

A

Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence by videoing enlightenment ideas from John Locke

70
Q

Reign of Terror

A

Government executed opponents of the revolution

—> Napoleon became emperor, powerful police system (limited freedom of expression), religious freedom

71
Q

What enlightenment ideas did the revolutions portray?

A

That men had natural rights as citizens

  • Haitian Revolution
  • Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
  • Simon Bolivar
  • declaration of independence (Connecting to John Locke)
72
Q

What did Simon Bolivar do?

A

Was a Latin American revolutionary leader who pushed enlightenment ideas in Latin America

73
Q

Toussaint L’Ouverture

A

Slave revolt leader, established constitution & independent government

74
Q

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

A

Haitian Declaration of Independence

75
Q

Creole

A

Desire for independence from Spain

—> wealthy business owners who opposed Spain’s mercantilism (required colonists to only buy and sell goods to Spain)

76
Q

Mercantilism

A

required colonists to only buy and sell goods to Spain

77
Q

Jamaica letter

A

Desire for Latin American unity & vision for a Republican government

78
Q

Caudillos

A

Leaders with regional power bases that disregarded representative forms of government
—> constitutions of newly independent countries ended social differences & abolished slavery

79
Q

Lola Rodríguez de Tío

A

Poet during an era of low opportunities for women

—> critiqued Spain’s tule over Puerto Rico & home became meeting place for revolutionary thinkers

80
Q

José Rizal

A

Advocated for great autonomy (self-government) for the Philippines
—> executed which caused nationalist movement which led to Philippine Revolution

81
Q

Seneca Falls Convention

A

Women’s suffrage movement

82
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Advocated for women’s rights

83
Q

Cecil Rhodes

A

Imperialist in Southern Africa driving annexations & diamonds for global trade

84
Q

White Man’s Burden

A

Belief that Europeans had responsibility to civilize Africans

85
Q

Berlin conference

A

Sought to end European competition by dividing Africa

86
Q

Suez Canal

A

Powerful trade location to India

87
Q

Sepoy Mutiny

A

Uprising against British rule in India

—> caused by a rumor that pig fat was being used in ammunition

88
Q

Sphere of Influence

A

One country claims exclusive rights of a different country

—> European powers control over economics

89
Q

Treaty of Nanking

A

Ended first opium war

—> Britain made China pay for losses & Britain gained Hong Kong

90
Q

British Raj

A

British rule over India

91
Q

Sepoys

A

Indian soldiers serving under British order

92
Q

Boers

A 
South African (“farmers”) that spoke Afrikaaner
—> against Christian missionaries, Kung Fu fighters, against Europeans in China
93
Q

Open Door Policy

A

All countries had equal trade with China

94
Q

Opium Wars

A

Two wars between China & Western powers against British merchants who sold Opium in China

95
Q

Tailing Rebellion

A

Revolt against Qing Dynasty in China over economic issues in China

96
Q

Sino-Chinese War

A

Wat between China & Japan over influence on the Korean Peninsula

97
Q

Apartheid

A

Separation of whites and blacks socially & politically in South Africa

98
Q

Menelik II

A

Emperor of Ethiopia

—> won battle of area & won independence for Ethiopia against Italian forced

99
Q

Tokugawa Shogunate

A

Government of Japan who held peace and prosperity for over 250 years
—> worked to close for Japanese society from western influences

100
Q

Sengoku period

A

Period of political upheaval and war in Japan between feudal Lorda for land & power

101
Q

Treaty of Kanagwa

A

Signed of U.S. commodore Perry with the Japanese government to open the ports of Japan

102
Q

Extraterritoriality

A

Foreign powers are not subject to local laws

103
Q

Father de Oliveira

A

Brazilian independence against Portuguese

104
Q

Ottomanism

A

Uniting the Ottoman Empire to prevent its collapse

105
Q

Battle of Plassey

A

British East India Company (led by Robert Clive) defeated governor of Bengal
—> British were given control of area

106
Q

Britain transported large numbers of _____to Australia

A

Criminals

107
Q

Emilio Aguinaldo

A

led revolutionary movement against the Spanish & faught U.S. presence in Philippines

108
Q

Maroon societies

A

Runaway slave communities

109
Q

Confucianism

A

Chinese belief system based off of morality & ethics

AP world History (4 decks)

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