Logic test 1

Question 1

Argument

Answer 1

A group pf statements in which the conclusion is claimed to follow the premises

Question 2

Statement

Answer 2

A sentence that is either true or false

Question 3

Expressing a statement

Answer 3

show why something is the case

Question 4

Asserting a statement

Answer 4

forwardly approaching the main point

Question 5

Premise

Answer 5

the information intended to provide support for a conclusion

Question 6

Conclusion

Answer 6

The statement is claimed to follow from the premises of an argument; the main point of the argument

Question 7

Conclusion indicators

Answer 7

Words and phrases that indicate the presence of a conclusion (the statement claimed to follow from the premises)

Question 8

Necessary Conditions (consequent/end)

Answer 8

Whenever one thing is essential, mandatory, or required in order for another thing to be realized. In other words falsity of the consequent ensures that falsity of the antecedent

Question 9

Induction (inductive argument)

Answer 9

An argument in which the inferential claim is that the conclusion is probably true if the premises are true. In other words, under the assumption that the premises are true it is improbable for the conclusion to be false.

Question 10

Sufficient Conditions (antecedent/ beginning)

Answer 10

Whenever one event ensures that another event is realized. In other words, the truth of the antecedent gauruntees the truth of the consequent

Question 11

Deduction (deductive arguments)

Answer 11

An argument in which the inferential claim is that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. In other words, under the assumption that the premises are true it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

Question 12

Arguments based on mathematics

Answer 12

An argument in which the conclusion depends on some purely arrhythmic, geometric computation or measurement

Question 13

Argument from definition

Answer 13

Argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely on the definition of some word or phrase used in the premise or conclusion

Question 14

Categorical Syllogism

Answer 14

A syllogism constructed entirely of categorical propositions (all cats are mammals/ all c are m) (start with all, no or some)

Question 15

hypothetical syllogism

Answer 15

A syllogism having a conditional statement for 1 or both of its premises (deductive) (ex: If it snows, school will be canceled. If school is canceled, we will fall behind our schedule. Therefore, if it snows, we will fall behind our schedule) (3 types: conjunctive, disjunctive, conditional)

Question 16

Disjunctive Syllogism

Answer 16

A rule of inference (implication rule) (P or Q not P therefore Q) (ex: either the vikings win or the eagles will play in the superbowl. The vikings did not win. Therefore, the eagles will play in the superbowl (WEDGE F when F/F)

Question 17

Conditonal

Answer 17

the antecedent follow the IF and the consequent follows the THEN (horse shoe >) (only F when T/F)

Question 18

Biconditional

Answer 18

A compound statement consisting of 2 condtionals- one indicated by the word “if” and the other indicated by the phrase “only if”. The triple bar symbol is used to translate a biconditional statement
- conditional is true if and only if the other is true as well.

Question 19

unless

Answer 19

means wedge V or tilde ~

Question 20

only if

Answer 20

horseshoe > (if…then, only if) (only F when T/F) (conditional)

Question 21

if and only if

Answer 21

triple bar

Question 22

if

Answer 22

horseshoe>

Question 23

Negation Truth Table

Answer 23

Negation flips truth value (~P ,opposite)

Question 24

Conjunction Truth Table

Answer 24

Only true when both parts are true( P . Q) only T when T/T ( Dot .)

Question 25

Disjunction Truth Table

Answer 25

Inclusive (both can be True) or Exclusive (only 1 can be true) ,V wedge, only F when F/F (either or, unless, OR)

Question 26

Conditional Truth Table

Answer 26

> horseshoe ,If...Then ,(if P then Q) ,Only F when T/F

Question 27

Biconditional Truth Table

Answer 27

Triple Bar =, (if, only if), only T when T/T or F/F

Question 28

Premise Indicators

Answer 28

Words and Phrases that help us recognize arguments by indicating the presence of premises (statements being offered in support of a conclusion)

Question 29

Proposition

Answer 29

The information content imparted by a statement, or simply put, its meaning

Question 30

Nonarguments

Answer 30

if they merely give information, with no intent to persuade and without conclusion keywords (warnings, pieces of advice, statements of belief or opinion, narratives, illustrations, explanations)

Question 31

Explandum

Answer 31

the statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained

Question 32

Explanans

Answer 32

the statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining

Question 33

Conditional statements

Answer 33

Horseshoe > , If...Then statements, only F when T/F

Question 34

Validity

Answer 34

DEDUCTIVE, An argument in which assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false

Question 35

Soundness

Answer 35

If we determine a deductive argument to be valid (true premises true conclusion), we are saying the premises support the conclusion- there is no way the premises can be true and the conclusion false (sound+deductive+valid= all true premises and conclusion)

Question 36

cogency

Answer 36

An inductive argument is COGENT when both requirements are met 1. argument is strong (logical analysis) 2. All premises are True (truth value analysis)

Question 37

Negation

Answer 37

The word "not" and the phrase "it is not the case that" are used to deny the statement that follows them

Question 38

Conjunction

Answer 38

DOT ( . ), only T when T/T

Question 39

Disjunction

Answer 39

WEDGE ( V ), only F when F/F (either, unless, or)

Question 40

Inclusive "or"

Answer 40

Disjunction V, both are True

Question 41

Exclusive "or"

Answer 41

Disjunction V, only one is True

Question 42

Tautology

Answer 42

A statement that is necessarily True (all True under main operator)

Question 43

Self- Contradiction

Answer 43

A statement that is necessarily False (all False under main operator)

Question 44

Contingency

Answer 44

Statements that are neither true nor false (sometimes true sometimes false under main operator)

Question 45

Logically Equivalent Statements

Answer 45

2 truth functional statements that have identical truth tables under the main operator

Question 46

Contradictory statements

Answer 46

2 statements that have OPPOSITE truth values under the main operator on every line of their respective truth tables

Question 47

Consistent statements

Answer 47

2 or more statements that have AT LEAST 1 LINE on their respective truth tables where the main operators are BOTH TRUE)