Logic

Question 1

proposition

Answer 1

an assertion (statement) that either is true or false

Question 2

argument

Answer 2

a set of propositions in which one is claimed to follow from another or others.

Question 3

inference

Answer 3

a process by which one proposition is arrived at and affirmed on the basis of some other proposition or propositions.

Question 4

premise(s)

Answer 4

the propositions upon which inference is based.

Question 5

conclusion

Answer 5

the proposition to which the other propositions in the argument are claimed to give support.

Question 6

deductive argument

Answer 6

an argument in which the conclusion is claimed to follow necessarily from the premises such that accepting the premises forces one to accept the conclusion on pain of contradiction.

Question 7

valid deductive argument

Answer 7

an argument in which the conclusion DOES FOLLOW necessarily from the premise or premises as claimed.

Question 8

invalid deductive argument

Answer 8

an argument in which the conclusion DOES NOT FOLLOW necessarily from the premise or premises as claimed.

Question 9

sound deductive argument

Answer 9

an argument that possesses valid logical form AND true premises.

Question 10

logic

Answer 10

the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.

Question 11

quantity

Answer 11

an attribute of every categorical proposition, refers to either ALL members or only SOME members of the class designated by the subject term; either universal or particular.

Question 12

copula

Answer 12

any form of the verb TO BE that connects the subject term and the predicate term in a categorical proposition.

Question 13

quality

Answer 13

an attribute of every categorical proposition, affirms or denies class inclusion; either affirmative or negative.

Question 14

distribution

Answer 14

an attribute that describes the relationship between a categorical proposition and each one of its terms, whether (D) or not (U) the proposition makes a statement about every member of the class of a given term.

Question 15

classical logic

Answer 15

traditional account of syllogistic reasoning, in which certain interpretations of cat props are presupposed.

Question 16

class

Answer 16

the collection of all objects that have some specified characteristic in common.

Question 17

categorical proposition

Answer 17

a proposition that can be analyzed as being about classes, or categories, affirming or denying that one class (S) is included in some other class (P) in whole or in part.

Question 18

standard-from categorical proposition

Answer 18

A- All S is P Universal positive
E- No S is P Universal negative
I- Some S is P Particular affirmative
O- Some S is not P Particular negative

Question 19

A

Answer 19

All S is P, Universal positive, D/U

All lawyers are wealthy people.

Question 20

E

Answer 20

No S is P, Universal negative, D/D

No criminals are good citizens.

Question 21

I

Answer 21

Some S is P, Particular affirmative, U/U

Some chemicals are poisons.

Question 22

O

Answer 22

Some S is not P, Particular negative, U/D

Some insects are not pests.

Question 23

Organon

Answer 23

posthumous collection of Aristotle, meaning the “instrument,” the fundamental tool of knowledge.