Logic

Question 1

Isaac Newton

Answer 1

Made a book called “Principia” (Natural philosophy and mathematics)- his book is about the three Newton’s laws of motion (basic principles of modern physics) which contributed to the foundation of the law of universal gravitation, motion, gravity and it was a intellectual revolution and printing press help this
The book was a thousand pages of science
Universal laws of motion (force momentum and reaction or reciprocation)
Gravitation
Is the brain of the project of Issac, Galileo and Copernicus doings

Question 2

Galileo Galilei

Answer 2

Improvements to the telescope and Jupitter’s Moons (threat to Church) Issac Newton, Galileo and Nicolaus Copernicus made a threat.

Question 3

Niclaus Copernicus

Answer 3

Heliocentricity vs geocentricity; skepticism vs dogma
He wrote the pages of gravitational motion like how Earth orbits around sun
Since there was laws of motion, he believe in planetary motion

Question 4

Claudius Ptolemaeus

Answer 4

Greek
Made a world map
(Ptolemy) Terrestrial Giant

Question 5

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 5

Attempted to provide proof or arguments for the existence of god:theology

Question 6

Empiricism: “Sense Experience Is The Key To Knowledge”

Answer 6

Empiricism is a philosophical theory that posits that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience and observation, emphasizing the importance of evidence gathered through the five senses.

Question 7

Existence precedes essence

Answer 7

Denies that humans have innate ideas or that anything is knowable without reference to experience. - Tabula Rasa Theory (smooth like tablet and as life goes, our blank tablet gets full)

Question 8

Essence precedes existence

Answer 8

Francis Bacon’s “The New Organon” which is a long sciency book deals with the importance of observation and sense experience;information gathered through sense experience- Francis Bacon

Fundamental nature or qualities of something are more important than its mere existence.

Question 9

Rationalism

Answer 9

Rationalists criticize empiricism for being overly trusting of sensory experience, arguing that critical reasoning and analysis are essential for understanding; while empiricists rely on their five senses, rationalists seek deeper explanations and advocate for humanism, viewing reason as the primary source of knowledge that transcends both sensory perception and religious beliefs, leading to a fundamental conflict between the two perspectives.

Question 10

Darwinism

Answer 10

Charles Darwin, renowned for his book On The Origin of Species, introduced the theories of evolution and natural selection, emphasizing “survival of the fittest” and challenging creationist views, leading to a shift from religious to scientific beliefs about human existence and competition in nature.

Question 11

Existentialism

Answer 11

Existentialism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom, choice, and the inherent meaninglessness of life, asserting that individuals must create their own meaning and values in an indifferent or absurd universe.

Question 12

Casualty: “Evaluating Observation”

Answer 12

A relationship that holds between events, object, variables or other states of affairs
Cause and effect- cause if the reason for the effect
Presumption that the cause chronologically precedes the effect…
The existence of a causal relationship generally suggests that - if the cause occurs the effect will as well, or at least the probability of the effect occurring will increase

Question 13

6 strands of philosophy

Answer 13

• logic and science
• metaphysics
• epistemology
• ethics
• aesthetics
• socio-political philosophy

Question 14

Socrates death, method

Answer 14

death: killed due to different beliefs in comparison to country people

method: question everything

Question 15

first order language

Answer 15

Simple thinking and talking (is it right or wrong to cheat on a test)

Question 16

Second order language

Answer 16

Generalized, it clarifies first order language (what does it mean to say that cheating on a test is right or wrong)

Question 17

Maslow hierarchy of needs

Answer 17

basic to advanced needs
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- love and belonging
- esteem
- self-actualization

Question 18

egoism vs altruism

Answer 18

egoism = benefit self
altruism = benefit others

Question 19

plato’s triparite theory of the soul

Answer 19

human soul made of 3 parts:
- reason (logistikon)
- spirit (thymoeides)
- desire (epithymetikon)

Question 20

Buddhism

Answer 20

Self is an illusion

Question 21

Doctor of impermanence

Answer 21

all things including humans are constantly changing

Question 22

NOMA principle

Answer 22

Non-overlapping magisteria (Steven Jay)

Question 23

Plato’s cave

Answer 23

• life as a philosopher
• group of people grow up in cave entire life, only seeing shadow’s on the wall
• 1 guy leaves cave and sees true world (eyes adjust to outside)
• comes back (eyes need to adjust to dark) tries to explain real world to rest of group, they all think he’s crazy

Question 24

The Good Brahmin

Answer 24

• brahmin unhappiness: Brahmin, wise, upset by philosophical questions (confusion leaves him in despair)
• Happy neighbor: Lives happily though stupid, content with ignorance
• Paradox: Voltaire contrast Brahmin wisdom with women ignorance to question whether knowledge leads to happiness or ignorance offers a simple path to contentment
• Voltaire reflection: Peace in stupid, brahmin always choose wisdom over stupid despite burdens

Question 25

Gaia hypothetis

Answer 25

All organisms regulate the biosphere to the benefit of the whole, a single self-regulating system
(earth = 1 united organism)

Question 26

Modernism

Answer 26

Question meaning of truth

Question 27

Falsifiability

Answer 27

Propositions/theories can’t be considered scientific if they don’t admit the possibility of being shown false

(accept it can be proven wrong)

Question 28

Philosophy inquiry

Answer 28

is philosophy a science

Question 29

Nietzsche primary source

Answer 29

Nietzsche argues that humans must strive to surpass themselves and become the “Übermensch” (Overman or Superman), embracing life’s challenges, rejecting traditional morals, and creating personal meaning in a world devoid of inherent purpose.

Question 30

Descartes primary source

Answer 30

Descartes establishes the foundation of knowledge through radical doubt, ultimately concluding “Cogito, ergo sum” (“I think, therefore I am”), proving his existence as a thinking being and seeking to rebuild knowledge on this certain ground.

Question 31

Nihilism

Answer 31

Nihilism is the belief that life lacks inherent meaning, purpose, or value. Traditional structures such as religion, morality, and truth are viewed as baseless or illusory, leaving individuals responsible for creating their own purpose in an indifferent or meaningless world.

Question 32

Platonic idealism

Answer 32

Platonic Idealism posits that non-material abstract forms (or “Ideas”) represent the most accurate reality. According to Plato, the physical world is a mere shadow of this realm of perfect Forms, and true knowledge comes from understanding these eternal, unchanging Ideas that exist beyond sensory experience.