Logic Flashcards
Definition of Logic (Al-mantiq)
Defined as the art that guides us in coming to know something previously unknown to us.
Definition of Conceptualization (Al-tasawwur)
The knowledge of a single meaning (al-ma’ana al-mufrad) without affirming or denying anything about it.
Definition of Judgments (al-tasdeeqat)
Occurs when we establish or deny a relation between two concepts
Definition of Sensation (Al-hiss)
The five external senses of sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch
What is the Principle of Identity?
States that a thing is the same with itself and different from another thing
What is the Principle of Non-Condradiction?
Or sometimes the Law of Contradiction, states that a thing cannot both be and not be at the same time in the same respect.
What is the Principle of the Excluded Middle?
States that everything must either be or not be , it cannot be something in between, or that for any proposition, either that proposition is true or its negation is true.
What are True Reports?
Narrations of events that have been passed from a person to a person.
What are Mass-transmitted reports?
Are widely transmitted reports by a group of people large enough that it is inconceivable to think they plotted to lie.
What is the Report of a Divine Messenger supported by Miracles (Khabar al-rasul al-mua’yyad bi-l-mu’jiza)??
A single report from someone who claims to be a messenger of God, and is supported in his claim by the ability to perform miracles, which is the disruption of the natural and habitual way things are.
What are the 2 types of knowledge?
Speculative (inferential) Knowledge and Non-Inferential Knowledge
What is Speculative (inferential) Knowledge (Al-‘ilm al-nazari)
The knowledge that requires contemplation/thinking
What is Non-Inferential Knowledge (Al-‘ilm al-daruri)
The knowledge that does not require contemplation/thinking
What are the 3 types of judgments?
Necessary, Impossible, and Contingent
What is the Necessary (wajib) Judgment?
States that the existence of something must be so and that its nonexistence is impossible and inconceivable.
What is the Impossible (mahal) Judgment?
States that the nonexistence of something is necessary and its existence cannot be and is inconceivable.
What is the Contingent (mumkin) Judgment?
States that the existence of something and its nonexistence are equivalent. There is no contradiction whether the thing exists or does not exist.
What is Signification (dalala)?
Understanding one thing by another. More specifically, it is understanding the signified thing.
What is the definition of Signifier/Sign (aldaal)?
That which signifies
What is the definition of signified (almadlool)
The signified thing
What is the definition of Utterance (al-lafdh) and what is its Opposite?
A sound comprised of some letters of the alphabet. Opposite = Not an Utterance (ghayr al-lafdh)
What is the Definition of Conventional (al-wadhi)?
When humans appoint a sign to a specific meaning
What is the Definition of Natural (Al-tabii)?
Indicates something in a natural way
What is the Definition of Logical/Rational (al-aql)?
A sign by which we go through a process of reasoning to reach the thing that is signified.
What is Complete Correspondance (al-mutabaqah)
Is when the uttered words match with the complete meaning or definition of a thing.
What is Partial Correspondance (al-tadammun)?
Is when the the uttered words match with a part of the meaning or a part of the definition of a thing.
What is Implicative Correspondence (al-iltizam)
Is a type of correspondence that indicates what is implied by something.
What is a Utilized Utterance?
An utterance that is employed, as in it has a particular meaning in a language.
What is a Non-Utilized Utterance?
An utterance that is not used in a particular language so that when it is uttered it produces no meaning.
What is a Simple Utterance (mufrad)?
An utterance where a part of it does not indicate a part of its meaning
What is Compound Utterance (murakkab)?
An utterance where a part of the utterance indicates a part of its meaning.
What is the Subject Matter of Logic?
Conceptualizations and Judgments
What are the 10 Principles (Al-Mabadi Al-Ashara)
1) Definition (Al-hadd)
2) Subject Matter (Al-mawdu’)
3) Fruit (Al-thamara)
4) Virtue/Merit (Al-fadl)
5) Relation to other sciences (Al-nisba)
6) Originator (Al-wadi’)
7) Name (Al-ism)
8) Source (Al-istimdad)
9) Legal Ruling (Al-hukm)
10) Topics (Al-masa’al)
Mabda’ 1: Definition
A science that investigates knowledge pertaining to conceptualizations and judgments
Mabda’ 2: Subject-Matter
Knowledge attained by conceptualization and judgment from the perspective of reaching to unknown knowledge
Mabda’ 3: Fruit
Protects the mind from errors in thinking
Mabda’ 4: Merit
It is above all the sciences since it is a science that deals with conceptualizations and judgments which make up all other sciences.
Mabda’ 5: Relation to other sciences
Its relation to other sciences is universal because its subject matter is conceptualizations and judgments
Mabda’ 6: Originator
Aristotle
Mabda’ 7: Name
Logic, Criterion of Knowledge, The Balance
Mabda’ 8: Source
From the mind
Mabda’ 9: Legal Ruling
There are 4 opinions concerning its legality:
1) Imam Al-Nawawi: Considered it Haram (because of some of the metaphysical presuppositions of the Falasifa)
2) Imam Al-Ghazali: Recommended (Fard Kifaya)
3) Imam Al-Qutub Al-Tahtani: Fard Ayn
4) Taqi Al-Din Al-Subki: Permissable only if student is intelligent and follows the Quran and Sunnah
Mabda’ 10: Topics
Theoretical propositions that research the configurations of definitions and syllogisms and the establishment of them.
What are the 3 Groups of Sophists?
1) Nihilsts: Deny things having realities. Instead, things are only delusions and imaginations. (Dream Folk)
2) Relativists: Deny that the realities of things exist (they have no intrinsic nature) and that things appear as we believe them to be. (Get Rich Quick Folk)
3) Agnostics: Deny whether they know if a thing exists or not. They doubt whether they can know and doubt… (Whip/Burn Them Folk)
Why is it Important for the Messenger to SAY that he is a Messenger of God?
Like the king and his messenger if the messenger says the king’s message out loud in front of the king he cannot make up anything otherwise the king will speak up and (have him executed) so a messenger of Allah (swt) cannot claim he is a messenger because Allah (swt) the king would hear it and punish him.
Something Important About Definitions
Definitions are always a conceptualization and almost always inferential
Important Sentence to Memorize
In logic, we are concerned with the uttered, conventional sign with complete correspondence that is used either as a singular or as a compound.
What are the 3 Principles/Laws of Thought?
Principle of Identity, Principle of Non-Contradiction, Principle of the Excluded Middle
What are the 3 Signs?
Conventional, Natural, Rational
What are the Sources of Knowledge?
Sensation, the Intellect, and True Reports
What are the violations of the principle of Non-Contradiction?
- (Ontological) If my hair is brown then my hair cannot not be brown. My eyes
are blue, and my eyes are not blue. - (Psychological) Tom believes that angels exist and that angels do not exist. I
think pigs can fly, and I do not think pigs can fly. - (Logical) Men are mortal, and men are not mortal. Every parrot is a bird, and
every parrot is not a bird.
